Next Article in Journal
Antibacterial, Resistance Modulation, Anti-Biofilm Formation, and Efflux Pump Inhibition Properties of Loeseneriella africana (Willd.) N. Halle (Celastraceae) Stem Extract and Its Constituents
Next Article in Special Issue
Helicobacter pylori: A Contemporary Perspective on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies
Previous Article in Journal
Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses Occurrence and Distribution in the Last Three Decades in Central Africa: A Systematic Literature Review
Previous Article in Special Issue
Notch Signaling Regulates the Function and Phenotype of Dendritic Cells in Helicobacter pylori Infection
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Microorganisms
Volume 12
Issue 1
10.3390/microorganisms12010006
microorganisms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Independent Risk Factors Predicting Eradication Failure of Hybrid Therapy for the First-Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection

by
Chien-Lin Chen
1,†,
I-Ting Wu
2,†,
Deng-Chyang Wu
3,
Wei-Yi Lei
1,
Feng-Woei Tsay
4,
Seng-Kee Chuah
5,
Kuan-Yang Chen
6,
Jyh-Chin Yang
7,
Yu-Hwa Liu
8,
Chao-Hung Kuo
3,
Sz-Iuan Shiu
9,
Chang-Bih Shie
2,
Kuan-Hua Lin
2,
Chia-Long Lee
10,* and
Ping-I Hsu
2,*
1
Department of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
2
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709, Taiwan
3
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
4
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
5
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
6
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan
7
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
8
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Huo-Shih Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
9
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
10
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010006
Submission received: 1 November 2023 / Revised: 10 December 2023 / Accepted: 12 December 2023 / Published: 19 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection Related Gastrointestinal Disease)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Hybrid therapy is a recommended first-line anti-H. pylori treatment option in the American College of Gastroenterology guidelines, the Bangkok Consensus Report on H. pylori management, and the Taiwan H. pylori Consensus Report. However, the cure rates of eradication therapy in some countries are suboptimal, and the factors affecting the treatment efficacy of hybrid therapy remain unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of hybrid therapy in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 589 H. pylori-infected patients who received 14-day hybrid therapy between September 2008 and December 2021 in ten hospitals in Taiwan. The patients received a hybrid therapy containing a dual regimen with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) plus amoxicillin for an initial 7 days and a quadruple regimen with a PPI plus amoxicillin, metronidazole and clarithromycin for a final 7 days. Post-treatment H. pylori status was assessed at least 4 weeks after completion of treatment. The relationships between eradication rate and 13 host and bacterial factors were investigated via univariate and multivariate analyses. In total, 589 patients infected with H. pylori infection were included in the study. The eradication rates of hybrid therapy were determined as 93.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 90.9–95.1%), 94.4% (95% CI: 93.8–97.2%) and 95.5%% (95% CI: 93.8–97.2%) by intention-to-treat, modified intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the eradication rate of clarithromycin-resistant strains was lower than that of clarithromcyin-susceptible strains (83.3% (45/54) vs. 97.6%% (280/287); p < 0.001). Subjects with poor drug adherence had a lower cure rate than those with good adherence (73.3% (11/15) vs. 95.5% (534/559); p = 0.005). Other factors such as smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee consumption, tea consumption and type of PPI were not significantly associated with cure rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that clarithromcyin resistance of H. pylori and poor drug adherence were independent risk factors related to eradication failure of hybrid therapy with odds ratios of 4.8 (95% CI: 1.5 to 16.1; p = 0.009) and 8.2 (95% CI: 1.5 to 43.5; p = 0.013), respectively. A 14-day hybrid therapy has a high eradication rate for H. pylori infection in Taiwan, while clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori and poor drug adherence are independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of hybrid therapy.

1. Introduction

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is an important pathogen for the development of chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma [1,2,3,4]. Eradication of H. pylori has also been shown to prevent the recurrence of peptic ulcer disease [5,6] and cure gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma [7,8]. Additionally, H. pylori eradication is recommended as a preventative measure in regions with a high incidence of gastric cancer [9,10].
Most international guidelines recommend standard triple therapy containing a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole) for 14 days as the choice of treatment for eradicating H. pylori, especially in regions with low clarithromycin resistance. With the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance of H. pylori, 7-day standard triple therapy is no longer the recommended option for treating H. pylori infection [11,12,13,14,15]. Recently, several strategies including bismuth quadruple therapy [16,17], non-bismuth quadruple therapy (e.g., concomitant therapy, hybrid therapy and sequential therapy) [18,19,20,21,22], high-dose dual therapy [23] and vonoprazan-containing therapies [24,25] have been proposed to increase the eradication outcome.
According to the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report [26], bismuth quadruple therapy is the preferred first-line treatment for H. pylori infection in areas with high clarithromycin resistance (>15%) and an alternative in areas with low clarithromycin resistance. However, the administration of bismuth quadruple therapy is complicated, and frequency of adverse effects are extremely high (47% to 67%) [27,28,29]. These shortcomings easily reduce the adherence of patients.
High-dose dual therapy is a new treatment in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection [30]. This therapy involves high-dose PPI that maintains the intragastric pH at a value higher than 6.5 [31]. High-dose amoxicillin in the regimen can keep a high plasma concentration of amoxicillin (>minimal inhibitory concentration) for eradicating H. pylori [32]. This novel modality is simple to administer. Additionally, its frequency of adverse events was lower than that of standard triple therapy [33]. A randomized controlled trial from China demonstrated that 14-day high-dose esomeprazole–amoxicillin dual therapy and 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy had comparable eradication rates in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection (intention-to-treat analysis: 90% vs. 87%) [34]. However, this novel treatment was less effective for H. pylori eradication in the United States [23] and Korea [35]. In addition, a recent multi-center, randomized controlled trial showed that high-dose dual therapy was inferior to hybrid therapy in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection [36].
Hybrid therapy contains a dual regimen with a PPI plus amoxicillin for an initial 7 days followed by a quadruple regimen with a PPI plus amoxicillin, metronidazole and clarithromycin for a final 7 days [20]. In Taiwan, hybrid therapy and bismuth quadruple therapy had comparable efficacy in eradicating H. pylori infection in the first-line treatment [36,37]. In Iran, 14-day hybrid therapy was superior to 14-day standard triple therapy for H. pylori eradication [38]. A randomized controlled trial by Sardarian et al. also demonstrated that 14-day hybrid therapy achieved a higher eradication rate than 10-day sequential therapy [39]. Furthermore, a large multicenter randomized controlled study from Spain and Italy reported that the eradication rates of both 14-day hybrid and 14-day concomitant therapies were more than 90% for the first-line treatment of H. pylori infections in areas with high clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance. There were no differences in cure rates between the two therapies [40]. According to the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines on the treatment of H. pylori infection, 14-day hybrid therapy is currently recommended as one of the first-line therapies [41]. In the Bangkok Consensus Report on H. pylori management in the ASEAN, hybrid therapy is also a recommended option in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection [42].
Hybrid therapy can achieve a high eradication rate in Taiwan, Iran, Greece, Spain and Italy, but its eradication rates for H. pylori infection in China and Korea are suboptimal [43,44]. Although clarithromycin resistance has been identified as a bacterial factor affecting the success of hybrid therapy [36], whether host factors such as smoking, alcohol drinking and drug adherence can influence the cure rate remain unclear. To investigate the independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of 14-day hybrid therapy for H. pylori infection, we conducted a retrospective cohort study.

2. Methods

2.1. Subjects

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on H. pylori-infected patients who underwent 14-day hybrid therapy between September 2008 and December 2021 in ten hospitals across Taiwan, including the Tainan Municipal An Nan Hospital, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, the Renai Brach of Taipei City Hospital, National Taiwan University Hospital, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Cathay General Hospital and Taichung Veterans General Hospital. The exclusion criteria included (1) allergy to eradication medications used in the study, (2) history of gastrectomy, (3) history of previous eradication therapy, (4) pregnancy, (5) lactation, (6) use of antibiotics within 4 weeks before treatment and (7) coexistence of severe illness. The study was conducted according to a standard protocol in accordance with the principles of good clinical practice from the Declaration of Helsinki. All the authors had access to the study data and had reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

2.2. Design

During the study period, patients infected with H. pylori were administered a 14-day hybrid therapy. The therapy consisted of a dual regimen with a PPI plus amoxicillin for an initial 7 days and a quadruple regimen with a PPI plus amoxicillin, metronidazole and clarithromycin for a final 7 days. Trained assistants prospectively followed up with all patients using a standard protocol [20]. They were asked to return in the second week to assess drug adherence and adverse effects. Post-treatment H. pylori status was assessed at least 4 weeks after completion of treatment using endoscopy with histology and rapid urease test or a ¹³C-urea breath test. PPIs and histamine-2 receptor antagonists were prohibited for at least 2 weeks before post-treatment H. pylori assessment. 13C-urea breath test with the Proto Pylori kit (Isodiagnostika, Montreal, QC, Canada) was conducted after an overnight fast. An infrared spectrometer was used to assess baseline and 30 min breath samples. Positive results were defined as δ13CO2 value ≥ 4 units. Negative results were defined as δ13CO2 value < 2.5 units. Subjects having inconclusive data underwent another 13C-urea breath test at least 4 weeks later until the results of urea breath test became conclusive. Technicians carrying out the tests were blinded to the therapies received by patients. Cure of H. pylori infection was defined as (1) negative results of both histology and rapid urease test or (2) a negative result of urea breath test.
H. pylori infection status was determined by rapid urease test (n = 570), histology (n = 567) and/or culture (n = 350) before treatment. Only patients with positive results of at least two tests were included for the study. Patients were instructed to fill out a special questionnaire detailing age, sex, medical history, smoking status, history of alcohol drinking and coffee and tea consumption. Smoking was defined as consumption of cigarettes ≧ 1 pack/week. Alcohol consumption was defined as alcohol drinking > 80 g/day. Coffee or tea consumption was defined as drinking ≧ 1 cup/day. We informed the patients of the common adverse events of eradication therapies before treatment. They were asked to record adverse events in provided diaries. The degree of adverse events was assessed by a four-point scale system: none, mild (discomfort that is annoying but does not interfere with daily life), moderate (discomfort that interferes with daily life) and severe (discomfort that results in discontinuation of eradication therapy). Drug adherence was checked by counting the number of unused medications. Poor drug adherence was defined as taking less than 80% of total medicines used in eradication regimens.
We used Pronto Dry® kit (Medical Instruments Corp., Brignais, France) for rapid urease test. Two biopsy specimens taken from the lesser curvature sites of the antrum and the corpus were used for histological examination. H. pylori culture was conducted according to previously described methods [36]. Gastric specimens were cultured on Brucella chocolate agar with 7% sheep blood and incubated for 7 days under microaerobic conditions. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the E-test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). H. pylori strains with minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC) > 0.5 μg/mL, >1 μg/mL, >8 μg/mL and >4 μg/mL were considered to be resistant to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline, respectively [36].

2.3. Statistical Analysis

The analysis was conducted using intention-to-treat, modified intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Intention-to-treat analysis included all randomized patients who took at least one dose of the eradication medicines. Patients who did not receive post-eradication H. pylori assessment were considered treatment failures in the intention-to-treat analysis. The modified intention-to-treat population included all randomized patients except the patients whose post-eradication H. pylori status was unknown. The per-protocol analysis excluded the patients who violated the protocol, such as patients who did not take at least 80% of the treatment drugs, and those who did not receive post-treatment H. pylori assessment.
To identify the factors affecting the treatment response, clinical and endoscopic parameters were analyzed using univariate analysis for the modified intention-to-treat population. We compared categorical data using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Continuous data were compared by Student t test. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 12.0 for Microsoft Windows). The clinical and bacterial factors analyzed in the study included age (<60 or ≥60 yr), gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, ingestion of coffee, ingestion of tea, endoscopic finding (peptic ulcer or gastritis), antibiotic resistance, type of PPI and drug adherence. The factors with a p value < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were further assessed using multivariate analysis to identify the independent risk factors predicting treatment failure. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Baseline Characteristics

A total of 589 H. pylori-infected outpatients were enrolled in this study. The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 54.5 ± 11.9 years. The frequencies of antibiotic resistances for clarithromcyin, amoxicillin, metronidazole and tetracycline were 15.4%, 0.3%, 38.3% and 0%, respectively. Fifteen patients were lost to follow-up after treatment and excluded from risk factor analysis for eradication failure.

3.2. Eradication Outcomes

The outcomes of the 14-day hybrid therapy are listed in Table 2. The eradication rates of hybrid therapy were 93.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 90.9–95.1%), 94.4% (95% CI: 93.8–97.2%) and 95.5%% (95% CI: 93.8–97.2%) as determined by intention-to-treat, modified intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, respectively. The frequency of adverse events of hybrid therapy was 21.1% (124/589; 95% CI: 17.8–24.4%). The drug adherence rate was 97.6% (575/589; 95% CI: 96.4–98.8%).

3.3. Univariate Analysis for Risk Factors Related to Eradication Failure of Hybrid Therapy for H. pylori Infection

Table 3 shows the univariate analysis data for parameters influencing eradication rates of the 14-day hybrid therapy in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. Using 1 μg/mL as the MIC breakpoint of clarithromycin, the eradication rate in the patients harboring clarithromycin-resistant strains was lower than that in those harboring clarithromcyin-susceptible strains (83.3% (45/54) vs. 97.6%% (280/287); p < 0.001). In addition, patients with poor adherence had a lower eradication rate than those with good adherence (73.3% (11/15) vs. 95.5% (534/559); p = 0.005). The other factors, including smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee consumption, tea consumption, gender, age and type of PPI, were not significantly associated with the cure rate.

3.4. Independent Risk Factors Predicting Eradication Failure of Hybrid Therapy for H. pylori Infection

Table 4 demonstrates the results of multivariate analysis for the independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of 14-day hybrid therapy for H. pylori infection. The data revealed that clarithromcyin resistance of H. pylori and poor drug adherence were independent risk factors related to eradication failure of hybrid therapy with odds ratios of 4.8 (95% CI: 1.5 to 16.1; p = 0.009) and 8.2 (95% CI: 1.5 to 43.5; p = 0.013), respectively.

4. Discussion

In this large retrospective cohort study, we included 589 H. pylori-infected patients who received 14-day hybrid therapy, and identified the independent risk factors for eradication failure by this treatment as the first-line therapy for H. pylori infection. The data showed that the success rates of hybrid therapy determined by the intention-to-treat, modified intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were 93.0%, 94.4% and 95.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori and poor drug adherence of the host were independent risk factors for the eradication failure of hybrid therapy, with odds ratios of 4.8 and 8.2, respectively.
In the current study, the eradication rate in the patients harboring clarithromycin-resistant strains was lower than that in those harboring clarithromcyin-susceptible strains (83.3% vs. 97.6%). These findings are consistent with another clinical trial that demonstrated clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori as a risk factor for eradication failure of hybrid therapy in China [43]. In that study, the eradication rates of hybrid therapy for clarithromycin-resistant and susceptible strains were 74.6% and 91.7%, respectively. Clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori significantly affected eradication outcome. However, another study from Taiwan did not demonstrate clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori as a risk factor for eradication failure by hybrid therapy [45]. The variable results of hybrid therapy for H. pylori treatment may be due to the differences in the potencies of PPIs, CYP2C19 genotypes, and resistance profiles of metronidazole and amoxicillin.
Poor drug adherence has been reported as an independent risk factor of eradication failure for standard triple therapy [46] and high-dose dual therapy [36]. In this study, poor drug adherence was also identified as an independent risk factor predicting eradication failure of hybrid therapy. The eradication rate in patients with poor drug adherence was lower than that in those with good drug adherence (73.3% vs. 95.5%). The data suggest that adequate patient education on drug adherence is important in the treatment of H. pylori infection by hybrid therapy. It is also important to note that hybrid therapy consists of a dual regimen in the initial 7 days and a quadruple regimen in the final 7 days. Therefore, patients have to take two additional drugs in the last 7 days of therapy. The complicated drug administration may hinder the drug adherence of patients. Reversing the drug administration sequence of hybrid therapy (a quadruple regimen with a PPI, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole in the initial 7 days followed by a dual regimen with a PPI and amoxicillin in the final 7 days) can simplify hybrid therapy and is beneficial for drug adherence [47]. A recent retrospective cohort study demonstrated that 14-day reverse hybrid therapy and 14-day hybrid therapy had comparable eradication rates [47]. Basically, reverse hybrid therapy is a modified 14-day concomitant therapy without clarithromycin and metronidazole in the final 7 days, and hybrid therapy is a modified 14-day concomitant therapy without clarithromycin and metronidazole in the initial 7 days.
PPIs possess two mechanisms of action in H. pylori eradication. They have direct anti-H. pylori activity, and they also can increase bioavailability and anti-H. pylori activity of antibiotics by increasing intragastric pH. In the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection, the type of PPI has been identified as an independent efficacy predictor of standard triple therapy [48]. A randomized controlled study showed that esomeprazole-based triple therapy demonstrated a higher eradication rate than a pantoprazole-based regimen [48]. The differences in eradiation efficacies between the two study groups may be related to the more powerful acid inhibition effect [49] and stronger anti-H. pylori activity of esomeprazole compared to pantoprazole [50,51]. A cross-over study showed that esomeprazole at a standard dose of 40 mg once daily provides more effective control of gastric acid at a steady state than standard doses of pantoprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease [49]. Early studies suggested that esomeprazole might exert a stronger anti-H. pylori effect than pantoprazole. An in vitro study disclosed that omeprazole was more active against H. pylori than pantoprazole [50], and another study revealed lower MIC50 and MIC90 of esomeprazole compared to omeprazole [51]. In the current study, we also investigated the impacts of PPI types on the eradication outcome of hybrid therapy. The eradication rates of hybrid therapy based on esomeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole were 99.1%, 93.1% and 94.3%, respectively. The differences in eradication rates did not reach statistical significance. The data suggest that the type of PPI dose not influence the efficacy of 14-day hybrid therapy.
In this study, H. pylori strains with (MIC) values >0.5 μg/mL, >1 μg/mL and >4 μg/mL were considered to be resistant to amoxicillin, clarithromycin and tetracycline, respectively. The criteria for the breakpoints of MIC values were different from those in the EUCAST (Clinical Breakpoint Tables v. 13.0, valid from 1 January 2023). The criteria of EUCAST are used frequently in European studies. The MIC breakpoints of amoxicillin, clarithromycin and tetracycline for H. pylori in EUCAST are 0.125 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. It is important to note that MIC breakpoints identified in a specific treatment regimen may not be generalizable to other regimens. A recent study showed that the optimal MIC breakpoint for amoxicillin for antibiotic selection in the rescue treatment of H. pylori with PPI-bismuth-amoxicillin-tetracycline was >0.032 mg/L [52]. The optimal MIC breakpoints of various regimens for the first-line treatment of H. pylori merit further investigation.
There were some limitations in this study. First, this retrospective study was not a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which selection and assessment bias could be minimized. Second, there was only one patient harboring an amoxicillin-resistant strain. Therefore, the impact of amoxicillin resistance on the eradication outcome of hybrid therapy could not be assessed by the current study. Third, molecular testing for genetic resistances of H. pylori strains and host CYP2C19 genotypes were unavailable. The strength of the study could be improved if it were possible to assess their relationships with eradication rates. Nonetheless, the current study is the largest study (n = 589) investigating the independent host and bacterial factors predicting eradication failure of 14-day hybrid therapy for the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection.
In conclusion, 14-day hybrid therapy achieves a high eradication rate for H. pylori infection in Taiwan. Clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori and poor drug adherence are independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of hybrid therapy.

Author Contributions

P.-I.H. and C.-L.L. conceived the study. P.-I.H., C.-L.L., I.-T.W. and D.-C.W. designed the study and wrote the protocol. C.-L.C., P.-I.H., D.-C.W., J.-C.Y., F.-W.T., K.-Y.C., J.-C.Y., S.-K.C., Y.-H.L., C.-L.L., W.-Y.L., C.-H.K., S.-I.S., C.-B.S. and K.-H.L. recruited patients for the study. C.-L.L., I.-T.W., P.-I.H. and C.-L.L. analyzed the data and drafted the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The study was funded by the Research Foundation of An Nan Hospital (Grant Numbers: ANHRF111-33, ANHRF112-09 and ANHRF112-45), China Medical University, Taiwan.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to study nurses at each hospital.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Suerbaum, S.; Michetti, P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 1175–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Malfertheiner, P.; Camargo, M.C.; El-Omar, E.; Liou, J.M.; Peek, R.; Schulz, C.; Smith, S.I.; Suerbaum, S. Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2023, 9, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Vakil, N.; Megraud, F. Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2007, 133, 985–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Zucca, E.; Dreyling, M. Gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2009, 20 (Suppl. S4), 113–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Graham, D.Y.; Lew, G.M.; Klein, P.D.; Evans, D.G.; Evans, D.J., Jr.; Saeed, Z.A.; Malaty, H.M. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on the long-term recurrence of gastric or duodenal ulcer. A randomized controlled study. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992, 116, 705–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Sung, J.J.; Chung, S.C.; Ling, T.K.; Yung, M.Y.; Leung, V.K.; Ng, E.K.; Li, M.K.; Cheng, A.F.; Liet, A.K. Antibacterial treatment of gastric ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332, 139–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Nakamura, S.; Hojo, M.J. Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 12, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. De Francesco, V.; Manta, R.; Marmo, R.; Marmo, C.; Rago, A.; Antonelli, G.; Hassan, C.; Zullo, A. Efficacy of Helicobater pylori eradication in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach: A systematic review. Eur. J. Haematol. 2022, 109, 643–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wong, B.C.; Lam, S.K.; Wong, W.M.; Chen, J.S.; Zheng, T.T.; Feng, R.E.; Lai, K.C.; Hu, C.W.H.; Yuen, S.T.; Leung, S.Y.; et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 291, 189–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Moss, S.F.; Shah, S.C.; Tan, M.C.; El-Serag, H.B. Evolving concepts in Helicobacter pylori management. Gastroenterology 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Megraud, F. H. pylori antibiotic resistance: Prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004, 53, 1374–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Graham, D.Y.; Akiko, S. New concepts of resistance in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008, 5, 321–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. De Francesco, V.; Margiotta, M.; Zullo, A.; Hassan, C.; Troiani, L.; Burattini, O.; Stella, F.; Di Leo, A.; Russo, F.; Marangi, S.; et al. Clarithromycin-resistant genotypes and eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144, 94–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Gumurdulu, Y.; Serin, E.; Ozer, B.; Kayaselcuk, F.; Ozsahin, K.; Cosar, A.M.; Gursoy, M.; Gur, G.; Yilmaz, U.; Boyacioglu, S. Low eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori with triple 7–14 days and quadruple therapy in Turkey. World J. Gastroenterol. 2004, 10, 668–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Bigard, M.A.; Delchier, J.C.; Riachi, G.; Thibault, P.; Barthelemy, P. One-week triple therapy using omeprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia: Influence of dosage of omeprazole and clarithromycin. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998, 12, 383–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Malfertheiner, P.; Bazzoli, F.; Delchier, J.C.; Celiñski, K.; Giguère, M.; Rivière, M.; Mégraud, F. Helicobacter pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: A randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011, 377, 905–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Zagari, R.M.; Romiti, A.; Ierardi, E.; Gravina, A.G.; Panarese, A.; Grande, G.; Savarinom, E.; Maconi, G.; Stasi, E.; Eusebi, L.H.; et al. The “three-in-one” formulation of bismuth quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication with or without probiotics supplementation: Efficacy and safety in daily clinical practice. Helicobacter 2018, 23, e12502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Luther, J.; Higgins, P.D.; Schoenfeld, P.S.; Moayyedi, P.; Vakil, N.; Chey, W.D. Empiric quadruple vs triple therapy for primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 105, 65–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Zullo, A.; De Francesco, V.; Hassan, C.; Morini, S.; Vaira, D. The sequential therapy regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A pooled-data analysis. Gut 2007, 56, 1353–1357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hsu, P.I.; Wu, D.C.; Wu, J.Y.; Graham, D.Y. Modified sequential Helicobacter pylori therapy: Proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin for 14 days with clarithromycin and metronidazole added as a quadruple (hybrid) therapy for the final 7 days. Helicobacter 2011, 16, 139–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Aumpan, N.; Mahachai, V.; Vilaichone, R.K. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Open 2022, 7, 3–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Fischbach, L.; Evans, E.L. Meta-analysis: The effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007, 26, 343–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Attumi, T.A.; Graham, D.Y. High-dose extended-release lansoprazole (dexlansoprazole) and amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. Helicobacter 2014, 19, 319–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Bunchorntavakul, C.; Buranathawornsom, A. Randomized clinical trial: 7-day vonoprazan-based versus 14-day omeprazole-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 36, 3308–3313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Suzuki, S.; Gotoda, T.; Kusano, C.; Ikehara, H.; Ichijima, R.; Ohyauchi, M.; Ito, H.; Kawamura, M.; Ogata, Y.; Ohtaka, M.; et al. Seven-day vonoprazan and low-dose amoxicillin dual therapy as first-line Helicobacter pylori treatment: A multicentre randomised trial in Japan. Gut 2020, 69, 1019–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Malfertheiner, P.; Megraud, F.; Rokkas, T.; Gisber, J.P.; Liou, J.M.; Schulz, C.; Gasbarrini, A.; Hunt, R.H.; Leja, M.; O’Morain, C.; et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut 2022, 71, 1724–1762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Liou, J.-M.; Fang, Y.-J.; Chen, C.; Bair, M.-J.; Chang, C.-Y.; Lee, Y.-C.; Chen, M.-J.; Chen, C.-C.; Tseng, C.-H.; Hsu, Y.-C.; et al. Concomitant, bismuth quadruple, and 14-day triple therapy in the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori: A multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet 2016, 388, 2355–2365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Macías-García, F.; Bastón-Rey, I.; de la Iglesia-García, D.; Calviño-Suárez, C.; Nieto-García, L.; Domínguez-Muñoz, J.E. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy versus concomitant quadruple therapy as first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection in an area of high resistance to clarithromycin: A prospective, cross-sectional, comparative, open trial. Helicobacter 2019, 24, e12546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Seo, S.I.; Lim, H.; Bang, C.S.; Yang, Y.J.; Baik, G.H.; Lee, S.P.; Jang, H.J.; Kae, S.H.; Kim, J.; Kim, H.Y.; et al. Bismuth-based quadruple therapy versus metronidazole-intensified triple therapy as a first-line treatment for clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori infection: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Gut Liver 2022, 16, 697–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Liu, C.; Wang, Y.; Shi, J.; Zhang, C.; Nie, J.; Li, S.; Zheng, T. The status and progress of first-line treatment against Helicobacter pylori infection: A review. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2021, 14, 1756284821989177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Sugimoto, M.; Furuta, T.; Shirai, N.; Kajimura, M.; Hishida, A.; Sakurai, M.; Ohashi, K.; Ishizaki, T. Different dosage regimens of rabeprazole for nocturnal gastric acid inhibition in relation to cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype status. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 76, 290–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Craig, W.A. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: Rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1998, 26, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Leow, A.H.R.; Chang, J.V.; Goh, K.L. Searching for an optimal therapy for H pylori eradication: High-dose proton-pump inhibitor dual therapy with amoxicillin vs. standard triple therapy for 14 days. Helicobacter 2020, 25, e12723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Liu, D.N.; Wang, Q.Y.; Li, P.Y.; Wu, D.H.; Pan, J.; Chen, Z.Y.; Li, Y.Q.; Han, X.Y.; Lan, C.; Tang, J.; et al. Comparing high-dose dual therapy with bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for the initial eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection on Hainan Island: A randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 2023, 47, 102125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Kwack, W.; Lim, Y.; Lim, C.; Graham, D.Y. High dose ilaprazole/amoxicillin as first-line regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2016, 2016, 1648047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Hsu, P.-I.; Chen, K.-Y.; Tai, W.-C.; Yang, J.-C.; Tsay, F.-W.; Liu, Y.-H.; Chen, C.-L.; Lee, C.-L.; Yeh, H.-Z.; Kuo, C.-H.; et al. Hybrid, high-dose dual and bismuth quadruple therapies for first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Taiwan: A multicenter, open-label, randomized trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2023, 118, 1184–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Tsay, F.-W.; Wu, D.-C.; Yu, H.-C.; Kao, S.-S.; Lin, K.-H.; Cheng, J.-S.; Wang, H.-M.; Chen, W.-C.; Sun, W.-C.; Tsai, K.-W.; et al. A randomized controlled trial shows that both 14-day hybrid and bismuth quadruple therapies cure most patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in populations with moderate antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017, 61, e00140-17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Makhlough, A.; Fakheri, H.; Hojati, S.; Hosseini, V.; Bari, Z. A comparison between hybrid therapy and standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with uremia: A randomized clinical trial. Middle East J. Dig. Dis. 2016, 8, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Sardarian, H.; Fakheri, H.; Hosseini, V.; Taghvaei, T.; Maleki, I.; Mokhtare, M. Comparison of hybrid and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Iran: A prospective randomized trial. Helicobacter 2013, 18, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Molina-Infante, J.; Romano, M.; Fernandez-Bermejo, M.; Federico, A.; Gravina, A.G.; Pozzati, L.; Garcia-Abadia, E.; Vinagre-Rodriguez, G.; Martinez-Alcala, C.; Hernandez-Alonso, M.; et al. Optimized nonbismuth quadruple therapies cure most patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in populations with high rates of antibiotic resistance. Gastroenterology 2013, 145, 121–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Chey, W.D.; Leontiadis, G.I.; Howden, C.W.; Moss, S.F. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2017, 112, 212–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Mahachai, V.; Vilaichone, R.K.; Pittayanon, R.; Rojborwonwitaya, J.; Leelakusolvong, S.; Maneerattanaporn, M.; Chotivitayatarakorn, P.; Treeprasertsuk, S.; Kositchaiwat, C.; Pisespongsa, P.; et al. Helicobacter pylori management in ASEAN: The Bangkok consensus report. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 33, 37–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Song, Z.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, J.; He, L.; Bai, P.; Xue, Y. Hybrid therapy as first-line regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication in populations with high antibiotic resistance rates. Helicobacter 2016, 21, 382–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Jung, Y.S.; Park, C.H.; Park, J.H.; Nam, E.; Lee, H.L. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies in Korea: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2017, 22, e12389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Tai, W.-C.; Yang, S.-C.; Yao, C.-C.; Wu, C.-K.; Liu, A.-C.; Lee, C.-H.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Chuah, S.-K.; Liang, C.-M. The Efficacy and safety of 14-day rabeprazole plus amoxicillin high dose dual therapy by comparing to 14-day rabeprazole-containing hybrid therapy for the naïve Helicobacter pylori infection in Taiwan: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2023, 12, 1415–1427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Gessne, B.D.; Bruce, M.G.; Parkinson, A.J.; Gold, B.D.; Muth, P.T.; Dunaway, E.; Baggett, H.C. A randomized trial of triple therapy for pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors for treatment failure in a population with a high prevalence of infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 41, 1261–1268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Lin, T.-F.; Wu, D.-C.; Tsay, F.-W.; Tsai, K.-W.; Tsai, T.-J.; Peng, N.-J.; Kao, S.-S.; Chen, W.-C.; Chen, Y.-H.; Hsu, P.-I. Reverse hybrid therapy achieves a similar eradication rate as standard hybrid therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 2020, 83, 233–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Hsu, P.-I.; Lai, K.-H.; Lin, C.-K.; Chen, W.-C.; Yu, H.-C.; Cheng, J.-S.; Tsay, F.-W.; Wu, C.-J.; Lo, C.-C.; Tseng, H.-H.; et al. A prospective randomized trial of esomeprazole- versus pantoprazole-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2005, 100, 2387–2392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Miner, P.; Katz, P.O.; Chen, Y.; Sostek, M. Gastric acid control with esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole: A five-way crossover study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2003, 98, 2616–2620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Suerbaum, S.; Leying, H.; Klemm, K.; Opferkuch, W. Antibacterial activity of pantoprazole and omeprazole against Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1991, 19, 134–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Gatta, L.; Perna, F.; Figura, N.; Ricci, C.; Holton, J.; D’Anna, L.; Miglioli, M.; Vaira, D. Antimicrobial acrtivity of esomeprazole versus omeprazole against Helicobacter pylori. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2003, 51, 439–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Hsieh, M.-T.; Chang, W.-L.; Wu, C.-T.; Yang, H.-B.; Kuo, H.-K.; Lin, M.-Y.; Cheng, H.-C.; Tsai, Y.-C.; Sheu, B.-S. Optimizing the MIC breakpoints of amoxicillin and tetracycline for antibiotic selection in the rescue therapy of H. pylori with bismuth quadruple regimen. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2020, 76, 1581–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Table 1. Demographic data of the H. pylori-infected patients receiving 14-day hybrid therapy in the study.
Table 1. Demographic data of the H. pylori-infected patients receiving 14-day hybrid therapy in the study.
VariablesPatient Characteristics
(n = 589)
Age (yr) (mean ± SD) 54.5 ± 11.9
Gender (male/female)271/318
Smoking105/589 (17.8%)
Alcohol drinking44/589 (7.5%)
Coffee consumption133/589 (22.6%)
Ingestion of tea181/589 (30.7%)
Endoscopic Findings
   Gastritis373/589 (63.3%)
   Peptic ulcer219/589 (37.2%)
Antibiotic resistance
   Clarithromycin54/350 (15.4%)
   Amoxicillin1/350 (0.3%)
   Metronidazole134/350 (38.3%)
   Tetracycline0/350 (0.0%)
Table 2. The treatment outcomes of the patients receiving 14-day hybrid therapy.
Table 2. The treatment outcomes of the patients receiving 14-day hybrid therapy.
VariablesOutcomes
Eradication rate
Intention-to-treat548/589 (93.0%)
90.9–95.1% *
Modified intention-to-treat542/574 (94.4%)
92.5–96.3%
Per-protocol534/559 (95.5%)
93.8–97.2%
Adverse events124/589 (21.1%)
17.8–24.4%
Drug adherence575/589 (97.6%)
96.4–98.8%
* 95% confidence interval.
Table 3. Univariate analysis for factors affecting eradication rates of 14-day hybrid therapy in the first line treatment of H. pylori infection among the modified intention-to-treat population.
Table 3. Univariate analysis for factors affecting eradication rates of 14-day hybrid therapy in the first line treatment of H. pylori infection among the modified intention-to-treat population.
CharacteristicsPatient NumberEradication Ratep Value
Sex 0.351
  Male266255 (95.9%)
  Female308290 (94.2%)
Age 0.175
  <60 years old327314 (96.0%)
  ≧60 years old247231 (93.5%)
Cigarette smoking 0.939
  Yes10297 (95.1%)
  No472448 (94.9%)
Alcohol drinking 0.715
  Yes4342 (97.75%)
  No531503 (94.7%)
Coffee consumption 0.762
  Yes132126 (95.4%)
  No442419 (94.8%)
Tea consumption 0.204
  Yes180174 (96.7%)
  No394371 (94.2%)
Peptic ulcer 0.108
  Yes216201 (93.1%)
  No358344 (96.1%)
Antibiotic resistance
  Clarithoromycin <0.001 *
     Susceptible287280 (97.6%)
     Resistant5445 (83.3%)
  Amoxicillin 1.000
     Susceptible340325 (95.6%)
     Resistant11 (100%)
Metronidazole resistance 0.935
     Susceptible208199 (95.7%)
     Resistant133127 (95.5%)
  Tetracycline —
     Susceptible341326 (95.6%)
     Resistant0—
Type and dose of PPI 0.064
  Esomeprazole 40 mg bid115114 (99.1%)
  Pantoprazole 40 mg bid162151 (93.2%)
  Rabeprazole 20 mg bid297280 (94.3%)
Drug adherence 0.005 *
  Good559534 (95.5%)
  Poor1511 (73.3%)
* denotes significant difference. (MIC breakpoint of clarithromycin: 1 μg/mL).
Table 4. Multivariate analysis for independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of 14-day hybrid therapy.
Table 4. Multivariate analysis for independent risk factors predicting eradication failure of 14-day hybrid therapy.
Risk FactorsCoefficientStandard
Error		Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		p-Value
Clarithromycin resistance1.5850.6094.8 (1.5–16.1)0.009
Poor adherence2.1040.8518.2 (1.5–43.5)0.013
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, C.-L.; Wu, I.-T.; Wu, D.-C.; Lei, W.-Y.; Tsay, F.-W.; Chuah, S.-K.; Chen, K.-Y.; Yang, J.-C.; Liu, Y.-H.; Kuo, C.-H.; et al. Independent Risk Factors Predicting Eradication Failure of Hybrid Therapy for the First-Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010006

AMA Style

Chen C-L, Wu I-T, Wu D-C, Lei W-Y, Tsay F-W, Chuah S-K, Chen K-Y, Yang J-C, Liu Y-H, Kuo C-H, et al. Independent Risk Factors Predicting Eradication Failure of Hybrid Therapy for the First-Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010006

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Chien-Lin, I-Ting Wu, Deng-Chyang Wu, Wei-Yi Lei, Feng-Woei Tsay, Seng-Kee Chuah, Kuan-Yang Chen, Jyh-Chin Yang, Yu-Hwa Liu, Chao-Hung Kuo, and et al. 2024. "Independent Risk Factors Predicting Eradication Failure of Hybrid Therapy for the First-Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection" Microorganisms 12, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010006

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop