Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Probiotics: The Mechanism and Role in Food and Gut Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of QS Inhibition
2.1. Probiotics as QSIs in Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria
2.2. Potential Role of Probiotics in QS Inhibition in Food Spoilage Bacteria
3. QS, Biofilm Formation, and Gut Health
4. Microencapsulation and QS
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganism | QSI | Target | Type of Study | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lb. reuteri LR 21 | Reuterin | C. perfringens 13124 | In vitro | Repression of toxins-producing genes (cpa and pfo) and agrB and luxS. | [17] |
Lb. acidophilus GP1B | CE/CFS |
C. difficile
(ribotype 027) | In vitro | Inhibition of AI-2 production and downregulation of luxS and tcdA, tcdB, and txeR (virulence genes). Growth inhibition of C. difficile in the colon. | [18] |
Lb. fermentum Lim2 | Inactivated CE | C. difficile 027 | In vitro | Anti AI-2 activity due to repression of lux gene. Expression of virulence genes also reduced. QSIs are not measured. | [19] |
Lb. reuteri RC-14 | CFS | Staph. aureus MN8 | In vitro | Cyclo-dipeptides inhibited the expression of agr and tst genes as well as disrupting saeRS system. | [20] |
B. subtilis | Fengycin | Staph. aureus | Cross-sectional analysis (Thai population) | Fengycin competes with AIP for binding to agrC. | [21] |
Lb. helveticus | Biosurfactant | Staph. aureus | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation by interfering with AI-2 signaling and biofilm-related genes expression (dltB, sarA, agrA, and icdA). | [22] |
In vivo | Prevention of hemolytic activity through biofilm formation inhibition. | ||||
Lb. plantarum KCTC10887BP | LPA | Staph. aureus | In vitro | Biofilm formation was inhibited. LPA induced AI-2 release in Staph. Aureus, which repressed biofilm-related genes. | [23] |
Lb. acidophillus 30SC | N/A | E. coli O157:H7 43894 | In vivo | Inhibition of AI-2 synthesis and modulation of microbial gut community. | [24] |
Lb. rhamnosus GG microcapsules | N/A | E. coli | In vitro | Repression of lsrK and luxS genes (disruption in AI-2/luxS-typeQS network). | [13] |
Lb. acidophilus A4 | EPS | E. coli O157:H7 | In vitro | Repression levels of curli genes (crl, csgA, and csgB) and chemotaxis (cheY) related to biofilm formation. | [25] |
Bifidobacterium longum ATCC15707 | CE | E. coli O157:H7 | In vitro | Inhibition of AI-2 activity and virulence gene expression (NifU, DsbA, and FlgI). | [26] |
Lb. acidophilus A4 | N/A | E. coli (EHEC) | In vitro | Downregulation of biofilm-related genes (crl, csgA, and csgB) and chemotaxis (cheY). | [27] |
Lb. brevis 3M004 | N/A | P. aeruginosa PA002 biofilm formation | In vitro | Degradation of AIs and repression of biofilm formation, pyocyanin, and polysaccharide synthesis-related genes (lasA, lasB, and PhzAB). | [28] |
Lb. casei CRL 431 Lb. acidophilus CRL 730 | DKPs | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | DKPs compete with AI for binding QS receptors. | [29] |
Lb. rhamnosus GG | CFS | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | Inhibition of AHL synthesis. | [30] |
Lb. casei PTCC 1608 | Lyophilized postbiotics | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | Repression of QS genes controlling biofilm formation and virulence (rhlI, rhlR, and pelf), potentially due to organic acid content. | [31] |
B. subtilis BR4 | Stigmatellin Y | P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | In vitro | Stigmatellin Y competes with PQS signal for binding with PqsR gene, and thus, PqsR-PQS QS pathway is disrupted. | [32] |
B. paralicheniformis ZP1 | Lactonase | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation due to AHL hydrolysis by lactonase. | [33] |
B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 | Subtilisin | L. monocytogenes biofilm formation E. coli biofilm formation | In vitro | Inhibition of proton motive forces and efflux pumps. | [34] |
Lb. plantarum C2 | N/A | E. coli DSM 30083 Enterobacter aerogenes DSM 30053 Yersinia enterolitica DSM 4780 Leuconostoc lactis 20202 Ent. durans DSM 20633 B. megaterium F6 | In vitro | Antibacterial activity by plantaricin produced through QS mechanism. (AI not measured). | [11] |
Lb. plantarum KU200656 | CFS | Staph. aureus Listeria monocytogenes E. coli S. Typhimurium | In vitro | Biofilm-related genes are downregulated by anti-biofilm activity. (Exact QSI mechanism is not measured). | [35] |
Lb.
kefiri
8321 and 83113 Lb. plantarum 83114 | CFS | S. Enteritidis 115 | In vitro | Biofilm formation inhibition. (QSI mechanism not investigated). | [36] |
B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 | CE/CFS | S. (Thompson, Enteritidis phage type 4, and Hadar) | In vitro | Biofilm inhibition due to the subtilosin effect. AI/luxS QS pathway is necessary for biofilm formation. | [37] |
W. viridescens
WM33 W. confusa WM36 (LAB) | CFS | S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium | In vitro | Inhibition of AI-2 activity and biofilm formation. | [38] |
Lb. reuteri PFS4 Ent. faecium PFS13 and PFS14. | CFS | S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation. (Mechanism not investigated). | [39] |
Lb. coryniformis NA-3 | EPS | B. cereus and S. Typhimurium | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation. (Mechanism not investigated). | [40] |
B. subtilis ZK3814 | Fengycin and surfactin | Ent. faecalis OG1RF | In vitro | Inhibition of fsr system, which regulates expression of proteolytic activity related-genes (gelE/sprE). | [41] |
Pd. pentosaceus | Crude biosurfactant |
B. subtilis
andStaph. aureus P. aeruginosa, Staph. aureus, and E. coli | In vitro | Anti-QS and anti-biofilm activity. | [42] |
Lb. curvatus BSF206 and Pd. pentosaceus AC1-2 | CFS | Str. mutans | In vitro | Biofilm formation inhibition by downregulation of related genes (tfA, gtfB, ftf, and brpA). (Exact mechanism not known). | [43] |
Lb. paragasseri MJM60645 | Crude extract | Str. mutans | In vitro |
Downregulation of biofilm-associated genes (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, brpA, spaP, ftf, and smu0630) by iminosugar, a novel chemical compound produced. | [44] |
Lb. rhamnosus GG | Biosurfactant | Str. mutans | In vitro | Anti-biofilm activity due to downregulation of biofilm-related genes (gtfB/C and ftf). | [45] |
Lb. plantarum K41 | N/A | Str. mutans | In vitro and in vivo | Inhibition of biofilm formation by inhibition of exopolysaccharide production. | [46] |
Lb. casei MCJΔ1 (expressed with AHL-lactonase AiiK gene) | Lactonase | Aeromonas hydrophila | In vitro | Enzymatic QQ activity of lactonase. | [47] |
Lb. curvatus B.67 and Lb. plantarum M.2 | Postbiotics | L. monocytogenes | In vitro | Repression of biofilm-related genes (flaA, fbp, agrA, prfA, and hlyA). | [48] |
Lb. curvatus CRL1579 | Lactocin | L. monocytogenes | In vitro | QSI mechanism not investigated. | [49] |
B. subtilis-9 | N/A | E. coli (ETEC), S. Typhimurium, Staph. aureus (MSRA) | In vitro | Biofilm inhibition in a cell-to-cell contact manner. Biofilm-related genes were repressed in ETEC (bssS, luxS, and ihfB). | [50] |
Lb. paracasei L10 | CFS | V. parahaemolyticus | In vitro | Biofilm formation significantly inhibited. (Mechanism not investigated). | [51] |
Lb. plantarum LRCC 5193 | LPA | Str. mutans, E. faecalis, and Str. Gordonii | In vitro | Biofilm formation inhibition. (QSI mechanism is suggested but not investigated). | [52] |
Lb. kefiranofaciens DD2 | CFS | Str. mutans and Str. sobrinus | In vitro | Antibiofilm activity through repression biofilm-associated genes (ftf, comDE, brpA, and vicR). | [53] |
Microorganism | QSI | Target | Type of Study | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lb. plantarum ss-128 | N/A | Spoilage bacterial community (Shewanella, Carnobacterium, and Vagococcus) | Food matrix (shrimp) | AI-2/LuxS-type QS system promotes growth of Lb. plantarum that reduces PH, protease activity, and growth of spoilage microorganism. | [81] |
B. sp. AI96 | Lactonase | Aeromonas veronii LP-11 | In vitro | Spoilage inhibition due to QS disruption by lactonase. | [82] |
B. amyloliquefaciens SBF1 | Culture extract | P. aeruginosa PAO1 | In vitro | Biofilm inhibition due to anti-QS activity. | [83] |
Lysinibacillus sp. Gs50 | Lactonase | Pectobacterium carotovorum | Food matrix | Vegetables soft rot reduced due to QQ of AHLs. | [84] |
B. cereus RC1 | DKPs | Lelliottia amnigena | Food matrix (vegetables) | Soft rot decreased due to anti-QS activity. DKPs compete for binding QS receptors with the AI. | [85] |
QS Molecule | Source | Type of Study | Health Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
3-oxo-C12:2-HSL | Synthetic | In vitro | Anti-inflammatory effect. | [86] |
3-oxo-C12:2 HSL | Human gut microbiota | Cross sectional (analysis of fecal samples of patients with IBDs) | Positive correlation with normobiosis (increased levels of Firmicutes). | [87] |
In vitro | Anti-inflammatory and positive effect on gut epithelial cell function. | |||
AI-2 | Mutant E. coli engineered to overproduce AI-2 | Animal study | Increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in antibiotic-treated mice group. | [88] |
AI-2 | Lb. rhamnosus GG (LGG) | Animal study | Protective effect of ΔluxS LGG on intestinal cells is significantly lower than effect of wild-type LGG. | [89] |
AI-2 | Exogenous AI-2 added to milk | Animal study | Dysbiosis was reversed, and inflammation was ameliorated. | [90] |
DPD (precursor of AI-2) | Exogenous (synthetic) | In vitro (co-culture of WCE of Prevotella. intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and estradiol with HMK cells) | DPD modulated the pro-inflammatory effect of estradiol + and inhibited biofilm formation. | [91] |
AI-2 | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Cross-sectional (analysis of fecal, saliva, and serum samples from patients with CRC and healthy people) | AI-2 levels are higher in CRC samples compared with control samples. | [92] |
AI-2 | Non-pathogenic E. coli BL21 and W3110 | In vitro (co-culture with HCT-cells) | Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 but downregulated after 24 h. | [93] |
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Salman, M.K.; Abuqwider, J.; Mauriello, G. Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Probiotics: The Mechanism and Role in Food and Gut Health. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030793
Salman MK, Abuqwider J, Mauriello G. Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Probiotics: The Mechanism and Role in Food and Gut Health. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(3):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030793
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalman, Mohammed Kamal, Jumana Abuqwider, and Gianluigi Mauriello. 2023. "Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Probiotics: The Mechanism and Role in Food and Gut Health" Microorganisms 11, no. 3: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030793