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Volume 11
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10.3390/microorganisms11102557
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Article

A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue’s Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species

by
Meixia Du
1,
Feng Li
2 and
Yanwei Hu
1,*
1
Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2023, 11(10), 2557; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102557
Submission received: 8 September 2023 / Revised: 30 September 2023 / Accepted: 6 October 2023 / Published: 13 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance)
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Abstract

The optimal combinatorial parameters of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) against Candida species have never been defined. This study aimed to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT, including the concentrations of MB (X1, 0.1–1.0 mM) and KI (X2, 100–400 mM), light dose (X3, 10–70 J/cm2), and MB’s incubation time (X4, 5–35 min) for three Candida species. The best MB + KI-aPDT fungicidal effects (Y) against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 (YCa), Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (YCp), and Candida glabrata ATCC 2950 (YCg) were investigated using a uniform design method. The regression models deduced using this method were YCa = 7.126 + 1.199X1X3 − 1.742X12 + 0.206X22 − 0.361X32; YCp = 10.724 − 0.867X1 − 1.497X2 + 0.560X3 + 1.298X22; and YCg = 0.892 − 0.956X1 + 2.296X3 + 1.299X42 − 3.316X3X4. The optimal combinatorial parameters inferred from the regression equations were MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 20 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida albicans; MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 70 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida parapsilosis; MB 0.1 mM, KI 100 mM, a light dose of 10 J/cm2, and a 35-minute incubation time of MB for Candida glabrata. The uniform design method can optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT mediated by MB plus KI to obtain the best aPDT fungicidal effects on Candida species, providing a new method to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT for different pathogens in the future.
Keywords: uniform design method; antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; Candida; methylene blue; potassium iodide uniform design method; antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; Candida; methylene blue; potassium iodide

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MDPI and ACS Style

Du, M.; Li, F.; Hu, Y. A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue’s Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102557

AMA Style

Du M, Li F, Hu Y. A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue’s Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(10):2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102557

Chicago/Turabian Style

Du, Meixia, Feng Li, and Yanwei Hu. 2023. "A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue’s Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species" Microorganisms 11, no. 10: 2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102557

APA Style

Du, M., Li, F., & Hu, Y. (2023). A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue’s Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species. Microorganisms, 11(10), 2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102557

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