Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Humans and Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. South-Eastern Europe
2.1. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)
2.1.1. Babesiosis in Humans
2.1.2. Babesiosis in Animals
2.2. Croatia
2.2.1. Babesiosis in Humans
2.2.2. Babesiosis in Animals
2.3. Serbia
2.3.1. Babesiosis in Humans
2.3.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3. Central Europe
3.1. Austria
3.1.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.1.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.2. Czech Republic
3.2.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.2.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.3. Germany
3.3.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.3.2. Babesiosis in Animals
Reference | Host Species/Group (No. of Individuals Examined) | Babesia Species (No. of Cases) | Babesia Species (No. of Seropositive) | Prevalence/Seroprevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Krampitz et al. 1986 [111] | Humans, healthy forestry workers (798) | n.a. | B. microti (2) | 0.25% |
n.a. | B. divergens (4) | 0.5% | ||
Hunfeld et al. 1998 [114] | Humans, Lyme borreliosis patients (76) | n.a. | B. microti (9) | 11.8% |
Humans, seropositive but asymptomatic Lyme patients (44) | n.a. | B. microti (4) | 9.1% | |
Humans, syphilis patients (50) | n.a. | B. microti (2) | 4.0% | |
Humans, healthy blood donors (100) | n.a. | B. microti (8) | 8.0% | |
Hunfeld et al. 2002 [112] | Humans exposed to ticks (225) | n.a. | B. microti (21), B. divergens (11) | B. microti: 9.3%, B. divergens: 4.9% |
Humans with various infectious diseases (122) | n.a. | B. microti (2), B. divergens (5) | B. microti: 1.6%, B. divergens: 4.1% | |
Humans, healthy blood donors (120) | n.a. | B. microti (2), B. divergens (1) | B. microti: 1.7%, B. divergens: 0.8% | |
Scheller 2004 [113] | Humans, forestry workers with fever (490) | n.a. | B. microti (68) | 13.9% |
Weiland et al. 1980 [117] | Cattle (1220) | n.a. | B. divergens (256) | 21.0% |
Ullmann et al. 1984 [118] | Cattle (1616) | n.a. | B. divergens (211) | 13.1% |
Ganse-Dumrath 1986 [119] | Cattle from farms with history of babesiosis (251) | B. divergens (29) | B. divergens (108) | 43.0% |
Niepold 1990 [120] | Cattle, Borrelia-positive animals (212) | n.a. | B. divergens (0) | 0.0% |
Cattle, farms with suspected babesiosis (354) | n.a. | B. divergens (0) | 0.0% | |
Cattle, farms with history of babesiosis (200) | n.a. | B. divergens (8) | 4.0% | |
Huwer et al. 1994 [121] | Cattle, farms with babesiosis history (187) | B. divergens (14) | B. divergens (88) | 47.1% |
Lengauer et al. 2006 [122] | Cattle (287) | n.a. | B. divergens (1) | 0.3% |
Springer et al. 2020 [123] | Cattle, one farm with history of babesiosis (95) | B. divergens (30) | B. divergens (36) | 37.9% |
Pikalo et al. 2016 [124] | Horses (314) | n.a. | T. equi (19), B. caballi (1) | T. equi: 6.1%, B. caballi: 0.3% |
Boch 1985 [125] | Horses (321) | n.a. | T. equi (18), B. caballi (4) | T. equi: 5.6%, B. caballi: 1.2% |
Dogs with suspected babesiosis (116) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (46) | 39.7% | |
Hirsch and Pantchev 2008 [126] | Dogs, imported or traveling (5142) | Babesia spp. (n.a.) | n.a. | 2.1–2.7% |
Menn et al. 2010 [127] | Dogs, imported or traveling (4681) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (1138) | 24,3% |
Hamel et al. 2011 [128] | Dogs, traveling (648) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (32) | 4.9% |
Dogs, traveling (508) | B. canis complex * (19) | n.a. | 3.7% | |
Röhrig et al. 2011 [129] | Dogs, imported (2819) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (251) | 8.9% |
Dogs, imported (2288) | B. canis complex * (5) | n.a. | 0.5% | |
Pantchev [130] | Dogs, imported or traveling (4579) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (319) | 7,0% |
Dogs with suspected babesiosis (937) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (119) | 12.7% | |
Liesner et al. 2016 [131] | Dogs (1023) | B. canis (1) | n.a. | 0.1% |
Vrhovec et al. 2017 [132] | Dogs (9966) | B. canis complex * (170) | n.a. | 1.7% |
Dogs (15,555) | Babesia spp. (502) | n.a. | 3.3% | |
Dogs (2653) | n.a. | Babesia spp. | 11.5% | |
Schäfer et al. 2019 [133] | Dogs, imported (98) | Babesia spp. (3) | n.a. | 3.1% |
Dogs, imported (214) | n.a. | B. canis/B. vogeli (22) | 10.3% | |
Schäfer et al. 2019 [134] | Dogs, traveling (127) | Babesia spp. (3) | n.a. | 2,4% |
Dogs, traveling (160) | n.a. | B. canis/B. vogeli (8) | 0.5% | |
Schäfer et al. 2021 [135] | Dogs (20,914) | Babesia spp. (659) | n.a. | 3.2% |
Dogs, never been abroad (692) | Babesia spp. (54) | n.a. | 7.8% |
3.4. Hungary
3.4.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.4.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.5. Luxembourg
3.5.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.5.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.6. Poland
3.6.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.6.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.7. Slovakia
3.7.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.7.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.8. Slovenia
3.8.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.8.2. Babesiosis in Animals
3.9. Switzerland
3.9.1. Babesiosis in Humans
3.9.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4. Northern and Northeastern Europe
4.1. Denmark
4.1.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.1.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4.2. Estonia
4.2.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.2.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4.3. Finland
4.3.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.3.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4.4. Iceland
4.5. Latvia
4.5.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.5.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4.6. Lithuania
4.6.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.6.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4.7. Norway
4.7.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.7.2. Babesiosis in Animals
4.8. Sweden
4.8.1. Babesiosis in Humans
4.8.2. Babesiosis in Animals
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bajer, A.; Beck, A.; Beck, R.; Behnke, J.M.; Dwużnik-Szarek, D.; Eichenberger, R.M.; Farkas, R.; Fuehrer, H.-P.; Heddergott, M.; Jokelainen, P.; et al. Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Humans and Animals. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 945. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050945
Bajer A, Beck A, Beck R, Behnke JM, Dwużnik-Szarek D, Eichenberger RM, Farkas R, Fuehrer H-P, Heddergott M, Jokelainen P, et al. Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Humans and Animals. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(5):945. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050945
Chicago/Turabian StyleBajer, Anna, Ana Beck, Relja Beck, Jerzy M. Behnke, Dorota Dwużnik-Szarek, Ramon M. Eichenberger, Róbert Farkas, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Mike Heddergott, Pikka Jokelainen, and et al. 2022. "Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Humans and Animals" Microorganisms 10, no. 5: 945. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050945