Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Clinical Features of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections over 30 Years in Barcelona, Spain (1990–2019)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting, Definitions, and Clinical Data
2.2. Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
2.3. Molecular Typing, Whole-Genome Sequencing, and Bioinformatic Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of MRSA-BSI Episodes
3.2. Molecular Epidemiology of MRSA-BSI
3.3. Evolution and Molecular Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance
3.4. Major Lineages and Clinical Characteristics of Recent MRSA-BSI Episodes (2008–2019)
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990–1995 | 1996–2001 | 2002–2007 | 2008–2013 | 2014–2019 | ||
Number of episodes | 137 | 142 | 207 | 149 | 149 | |
Sex, female | 34 (25) | 38 (27) | 76 (37) | 62 (42) | 68 (46) * | |
Age, mean ± SD (range) | 60.2 ± 18.9 (22–94) | 68.3 ± 16.3 (23–99) | 70.2 ± 14.9 (24–98) | 70.1 ± 14.1 (27–94) | 71.2 ± 14.5 (19–85) * | |
Acquisition | HO-HCA | 124 (91) | 113 (80) | 98 (47) | 70 (47) | 39 (26) * |
CO-HCA | 13 (9) | 29 (20) | 107 (52) | 71 (48) | 89 (60) * | |
CA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 8 (5) | 21 (14) * | |
Source of infection | ||||||
Catheter | 78 (57) | 71 (50) | 62 (30) | 35 (24) | 30 (20) * | |
Skin and soft tissue | 8 (6) | 12 (8) | 34 (16) | 20 (13) | 29 (20) * | |
Respiratory tract | 1 (1) | 14 (10) | 17 (8) | 17 (11) | 24 (16) * | |
Urinary | 2 (1) | 5 (4) | 22 (11) | 21 (14) | 12 (8) * | |
Osteoarticular | 4 (3) | 5 (4) | 12 (6) | 11 (7) | 13 (9) * | |
Endocarditis | 5 (3) | 3 (2) | 4 (2) | 4 (3) | 11 (7) | |
Other source ‡ | 16 (12) | 22 (15) | 35 (17) | 13 (9) | 10 (7) | |
Unknown source | 23 (17) | 10 (7) | 21 (10) | 28 (19) | 20 (13) | |
CCI | >2 | 13 (10) | 20 (25) | 92 (49) | 117 (82) | 140 (94) * |
≥5 | 7 (6) | 3 (4) | 33 (18) | 94 (66) | 112 (75) * | |
Not available | 13 | 61 | 21 | 7 | 0 | |
30-day mortality | 39 (28) | 41 (29) | 57 (28) | 57 (38) | 54 (36) |
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Vázquez-Sánchez, D.A.; Grillo, S.; Carrera-Salinas, A.; González-Díaz, A.; Cuervo, G.; Grau, I.; Camoez, M.; Martí, S.; Berbel, D.; Tubau, F.; et al. Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Clinical Features of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections over 30 Years in Barcelona, Spain (1990–2019). Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122401
Vázquez-Sánchez DA, Grillo S, Carrera-Salinas A, González-Díaz A, Cuervo G, Grau I, Camoez M, Martí S, Berbel D, Tubau F, et al. Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Clinical Features of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections over 30 Years in Barcelona, Spain (1990–2019). Microorganisms. 2022; 10(12):2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122401
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez-Sánchez, Daniel Antonio, Sara Grillo, Anna Carrera-Salinas, Aida González-Díaz, Guillermo Cuervo, Inmaculada Grau, Mariana Camoez, Sara Martí, Dàmaris Berbel, Fe Tubau, and et al. 2022. "Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Clinical Features of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections over 30 Years in Barcelona, Spain (1990–2019)" Microorganisms 10, no. 12: 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122401
APA StyleVázquez-Sánchez, D. A., Grillo, S., Carrera-Salinas, A., González-Díaz, A., Cuervo, G., Grau, I., Camoez, M., Martí, S., Berbel, D., Tubau, F., Ardanuy, C., Pujol, M., Càmara, J., & Domínguez, M. Á. (2022). Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Clinical Features of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections over 30 Years in Barcelona, Spain (1990–2019). Microorganisms, 10(12), 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122401