Visceral Leishmaniasis Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon Is Supported by Significantly Higher Infection Transmission Rates Than in Rural Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Clinical Evaluation of Infected Individuals in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
2.5. Serological Diagnostic Survey of Canine L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infection in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
2.6. Spatial Distribution of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infection in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infection in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
3.2. Incidence of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infections in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
3.3. Frequency of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infections According to Age and Gender in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
3.4. Prevalence and Incidence of the Clinical-Immunological Profiles of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infections in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
3.5. Evolution of III Profile Cases of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infections in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
3.6. Serological Diagnostic Survey of Canine L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infections in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
3.7. Spatial Distribution of Human L. (L.) Infantum Chagasi-Infections in Distinct Urban and Rural Scenarios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical- Immunological Profiles | Urban Scenario n = 1211 (%) n = 246 (%) | 95% CI | Rural Scenario n = 1329 (%) n = 188 (%) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
AI * | 13.4 (162) | 11.5–15.3 | 8.3 (110) | 6.8–9.8 |
SRI | 3.4 (41) | 2.4–4.4 | 2.6 (34) | 1.7–3.4 |
III | 3.0 (36) | 2.0–3.9 | 2.3 (30) | 1.5–3.1 |
SOI | 0.4 (5) | n/a | 0.5 (6) | 0.1–0.8 |
SI | 0.2 (2) | n/a | 0.6 (8) | 0.2–1.0 |
Clinical- Immunological Profiles | Urban Scenario n = 1007 (100-py) n = 137 (%) | 95% CI | Rural Scenario n = 1107 (100-py) n = 75 (%) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
AI * | 9.6 (97) | 7.8–11.5 | 4.3 (48) | 3.1–5.5 |
SRI | 2.2 (22) | 1.3–3.1 | 1.1 (12) | 0.5–1.7 |
III | 1.6 (16) | 0.8–2.4 | 1.1 (12) | 0.5–1.7 |
SOI | 0.2 (2) | n/a | 0.1 (1) | n/a |
SI | 0.0 (0) | n/a | 0.2 (2) | n/a |
Gender | Age Range *** | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1211) | Rural (n = 1329) | Urban (n = 1211) | Rural (n = 1329) | |||||||
Male (%) | Female (%) | Male (%) | Female (%) | 1–10 (%) | 11–20 (%) | ≥21 (%) | 1–10 (%) | 11–20 (%) | ≥21 (%) | |
AI | 6.8 (82) | 6.6 (80) | 5.0 * (66) | 3.3(44) | 2.1 (25) | 2.6 (31) | 8.8 * (106) | 0.7 (9) | 2.4 * (32) | 5.2 * (69) |
SRI | 1.6 (19) | 1.8 (22) | 1.6 (21) | 1.0 (13) | 0.3 (4) | 1.2 (14) | 1.9 * (23) | 0.3 (4) | 0.5 (7) | 1.7 * (23) |
III | 1.2 (15) | 1.7 (21) | 1.1 (15) | 1.1 (15) | 0.5 (6) | 0.5 (6) | 2.0 * (24) | 0.3 (4) | 0.7 (9) | 1.3 (17) |
SOI | 0.2 (2) | 0.2 (3) | 0.2 (2) | 0.3 (4) | 0.0 (0) | 0.1 (1) | 0.3 (4) | 0.1 (2) | 0.1 (1) | 0.2 (3) |
SI | 0.0 (0) | 0.2 (2) | 0.4 (5) | 0.2 (3) | 0.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.1 (1) | 0.4 (5) | 0.1 (1) | 0.2 (3) |
Gender | Age Range *** | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1007) | Rural (n = 1107) | Urban (n = 1007) | Rural (n = 1107) | |||||||
Male (/100-py) | Female (100-py) | Male (100-py) | Female (100-py) | 1–10 (100-py) | 11–20 (100-py) | ≥21 (100-py) | 1–10 (100-py) | 11–20 (100-py) | ≥21 (100-py) | |
AI | 4.2 (42) | 5.5 (55) | 2.4 (27) | 1.9 (21) | 0.7 (7) | 1.5 (15) | 7.4 * (75) | 0.2 (2) | 1.3 (14) | 2.9 * (32) |
SRI | 1.2 (12) | 1.0 (10) | 0.7 (8) | 0.4 (4) | 0.3 (3) | 0.6 (6) | 1.3 (13) | 0.3 (3) | 0.1 (1) | 0.7 (8) |
III | 1.0 (10) | 0.6 (6) | 0.6 (7) | 0.5 (5) | 0.3 (3) | 0.4 (4) | 0.9 (9) | 0.3 (3) | 0.3 (3) | 0.5 (6) |
SOI | 0.0 (0) | 0.2 (2) | 0.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.1 (1) |
SI | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.2 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.1 (1) | 0.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
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Furtado, R.R.; Alves, A.C.; Lima, L.V.R.; Vasconcelos dos Santos, T.; Campos, M.B.; Ramos, P.K.S.; Gomes, C.M.C.; Laurenti, M.D.; da Matta, V.L.; Corbett, C.E.; et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon Is Supported by Significantly Higher Infection Transmission Rates Than in Rural Area. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2188. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112188
Furtado RR, Alves AC, Lima LVR, Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Campos MB, Ramos PKS, Gomes CMC, Laurenti MD, da Matta VL, Corbett CE, et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon Is Supported by Significantly Higher Infection Transmission Rates Than in Rural Area. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(11):2188. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112188
Chicago/Turabian StyleFurtado, Rodrigo R., Ana Camila Alves, Luciana V. R. Lima, Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos, Marliane B. Campos, Patrícia Karla S. Ramos, Claudia Maria C. Gomes, Márcia D. Laurenti, Vânia Lucia da Matta, Carlos Eduardo Corbett, and et al. 2022. "Visceral Leishmaniasis Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon Is Supported by Significantly Higher Infection Transmission Rates Than in Rural Area" Microorganisms 10, no. 11: 2188. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112188