Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph

Liu, Lina; Li, Junlong; Gao, Yuhong; Zheng, Tao; Feng, Kaiqiang; Zhao, Miao

doi:10.3390/act15070371

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Open AccessArticle

Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph

by

Lina Liu

¹,

Junlong Li

^2,*

,

Yuhong Gao

¹,

Tao Zheng

²,

Kaiqiang Feng

² and

Miao Zhao

³

¹

Department of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Lvliang University, Lvliang 033000, China

²

State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Measurement Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

³

School of Weapon Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430032, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Actuators 2026, 15(7), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/act15070371

Submission received: 9 April 2026 / Revised: 30 May 2026 / Accepted: 10 June 2026 / Published: 3 July 2026

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Abstract

For a networked swarm system with a directed path graph, this paper investigates a group evasive attack strategy against actuators from the attacker’s perspective. The core objective of the proposed strategy is to force the global network state to converge to a pre-specified synchronization trajectory. First, the evasive attack signal with an ecosystem-based generation mechanism is modeled, from which the pre-specified synchronization trajectory can be derived. Subsequently, an evasive attack protocol is designed by superimposing the developed evasive attack signals onto the nominal synchronization protocol of the networked swarm system. By exploring the projection of evasive attack signals onto the synchronization subspace, an explicit expression of the pre-specified synchronization trajectory is determined, which depicts the global network state of the system under group evasive attacks. Then, to mitigate the impacts of evasive attacks on the synchronization performance of the networked swarm system, a resilient framework integrated with robust H_∞ regulation mechanisms is constructed to derive the design criteria for the group evasive attack strategy. Finally, a numerical simulation example is conducted to demonstrate the validity of theoretical results.

Keywords: group evasive attacks; directed path graph; synchronization trajectories; networked swarm systems

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, L.; Li, J.; Gao, Y.; Zheng, T.; Feng, K.; Zhao, M. Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph. Actuators 2026, 15, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15070371

AMA Style

Liu L, Li J, Gao Y, Zheng T, Feng K, Zhao M. Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph. Actuators. 2026; 15(7):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15070371

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Lina, Junlong Li, Yuhong Gao, Tao Zheng, Kaiqiang Feng, and Miao Zhao. 2026. "Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph" Actuators 15, no. 7: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15070371

APA Style

Liu, L., Li, J., Gao, Y., Zheng, T., Feng, K., & Zhao, M. (2026). Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph. Actuators, 15(7), 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/act15070371

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Group Evasive Attack on Synchronization Trajectories for Networked Swarm Systems with Directed Path Graph

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