Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of Dirofilariasis in the Ex-USSR
2.1. Age-Wise and Sex-Wise of Cases
2.2. Seasonality of Human Dirofilariasis
2.3. Geographical Confinement of Human Dirofilariasis
2.4. Detection and Diagnosis of Human Dirofilariasis Cases
2.5. Localization of Dirofilaria
2.6. Clinical Manifestations of Human Dirofilariasis
2.7. Dirofilariasis in Dogs
2.8. Dirofilaria in Vectors
2.9. Epidemiological Classification of Human Dirofilariasis Cases
3. Control and Prevention of Dirofilariasis in the Russian Federation
- T °C average actual is an average daily air temperature;
- T °C (14 °C) is the lowest temperature threshold below which Dirofilaria development within a mosquito vector does not occur;
- 130 degrees/days is “a sum of effective temperatures” (SET) or “growing degree day” (adopted in several models in the West) needed for Dirofilaria larvae to reach infectivity. The concept of SET was originally developed and successfully applied in Russia in the control of malaria [65]. This approach was applied to other vector-borne diseases as well, for example, for cutaneous leishmaniasis [66].
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Ethics Approval
Funding
Availability of Data and Materials
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
WHO | World Health Organization |
References
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1915–1944 | 1945–1954 | 1955–1964 | 1965–1974 | 1975–1980 | 1981–1985 | 1986–1990 | 1991–1995 | 1996–1998 * | 1999–2001 * | 2002–2008 * | 2008–2016 * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 | 5 | 12 | 21 | 13 | 25 | 13 | 21 | 28 | 114 | 303 | 636 |
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Kondrashin, A.V.; Morozova, L.F.; Stepanova, E.V.; Turbabina, N.A.; Maksimova, M.S.; Morozov, E.N. Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017). Pathogens 2020, 9, 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040275
Kondrashin AV, Morozova LF, Stepanova EV, Turbabina NA, Maksimova MS, Morozov EN. Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017). Pathogens. 2020; 9(4):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040275
Chicago/Turabian StyleKondrashin, Anatoly V., Lola F. Morozova, Ekaterina V. Stepanova, Natalia A. Turbabina, Maria S. Maksimova, and Evgeny N. Morozov. 2020. "Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017)" Pathogens 9, no. 4: 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040275