Bartonella Associated Cutaneous Lesions (BACL) in People with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Study Design and Subject Enrollment
2.2. Reported Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
2.3. Reported Cutaneous Lesions
2.4. Bartonella spp. Seroprevalence and Blood Stream Infection
2.5. ddPCR Results on Direct Blood Testing versus BAPGM Enrichment Blood Culture
2.6. Animal and Vector Exposures
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Enrollment
4.2. Questionnaire Data and Blood Specimen Collection
4.3. Bartonella IFA Serological Testing
4.4. Bartonella Enrichment Blood Culture/PCR Testing
4.5. Statistics
4.6. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Availability of Data and Materials
References
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Neuropsychological Symptoms | Participants Reporting | Non-Neuropsychological Symptoms | Participants Reporting |
---|---|---|---|
Sleep Disorders ^ | 27 | Fatigue ^ | 26 |
Mental Confusion ^ | 24 | Ocular Involvement | 20 |
Irritability/Rage ^ | 23 | Eye Pain ^ | 15 |
Anxiety/Panic Attacks ^ | 22 | Blurred Vision ^ | 15 |
Depression ^ | 21 | Light Sensitivity * | 4 |
Headache/Migraine ^ | 21 | Floaters/Flashes * | 2 |
Tremors ^ | 12 | Joint/Back/Neck Pain ^ | 20 |
Hallucinations ^ | 7 | GI Issues * | 17 |
Institutionalized (Psych) * | 2 | Bowel Dysfunction ^ | 11 |
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia (POTS) * | 5 | Diarrhea ^ | 8 |
Seizures ^ | 4 | Abdominal Pain * | 3 |
Schizophrenia * | 2 | Vomiting/Nausea ^ | 4 |
Suicidal * | 2 | IBS * | 1 |
Tourettes * | 2 | Bloating * | 1 |
Paralysis ^ | 2 | Muscle Pain ^ | 15 |
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome * | 2 | Respiratory ^ | 15 |
MS-Like diagnosis * | 1 | Muscle Weakness ^ | 14 |
Sudden Onset OCD * | 1 | Numbness ^ | 13 |
PANS * | 1 | Tachycardia (Not POTS) ^ | 10 |
Psychosis * | 1 | Tendonitis ^ | 8 |
Stuttering * | 1 | Syncope ^ | 6 |
Dental Issues ^ | 6 | ||
Jaw Pain * | 5 | ||
Gingival Recession * | 2 | ||
Mouth Ulcers * | 1 | ||
Fever ^ of Unknown Origin * | 5 | ||
Ehrlos Danlos Syndrome * | 3 | ||
Cardiac (not reported elsewhere) * | 2 |
Reciprocal IFA Antibody Titers to: | Direct Blood PCR | BAPGM Enrichment Blood Culture/PCR | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study No: | Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii Type I | Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii Type II | Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii Type III | Bartonella henselae San Antonio 2 | Bartonella koehlerae | Bartonella quintana | qPCR * | ddPCR | qPCR * | ddPCR |
1 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
2 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 64 | 128 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Pos |
3 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
4 | <16 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 16 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
5 | 256 | 64 | 32 | 128 | 32 | 16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
6 | 128 | 128 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 128 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
7 | <16 | 64 | 64 | 64 | <16 | 64 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
8 | 16 | <16 | <16 | <16 | <16 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
9 | <16 | <16 | 16 | <16 | <16 | 16 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Pos |
10 | <16 | <16 | <16 | 16 | <16 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
11 | <16 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 64 | 32 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Pos |
12 | <16 | 16 | 32 | 64 | <16 | 32 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
13 | <16 | <16 | <16 | 32 | <16 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
14 | <16 | <16 | <16 | <16 | <16 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
15 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 64 | 64 | Neg | Neg | Bh | Neg |
16 | 256 | 128 | 256 | 128 | 64 | 128 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
17 | <16 | 32 | 32 | 64 | <16 | 32 | Bh | Pos | Neg | Pos |
18 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 64 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
19 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 64 | 32 | Bk | Pos | Neg | Neg |
20 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 32 | <16 | 64 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
21 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 32 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
22 | <16 | 16 | <16 | 16 | <16 | 16 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Pos |
23 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 64 | 16 | 16 | Neg | Pos | Bh | Pos |
24 | 256 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Pos |
25 | <16 | <16 | 32 | 64 | 16 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
26 | <16 | <16 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
27 | <16 | 32 | 16 | 128 | 32 | <16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
28 | 128 | 128 | 64 | 128 | 64 | 64 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
29 | <16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | <16 | 16 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
Participant | Source of DNA Tested by ddPCR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Blood | BAPGM Incubation Day 7 | BAPGM Incubation Day 14 | BAPGM Incubation Day 21 | |
1 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
2 | Pos | Neg | Neg | Pos |
3 | Neg | Neg | Pos | Neg |
4 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
5 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
6 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
7 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
8 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Neg |
9 | Pos | Pos | Pos | Pos |
10 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
11 | Pos | Neg | Pos | Neg |
12 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
13 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
14 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
15 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
16 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Neg |
17 | Pos | Pos | Pos | Neg |
18 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
19 | Pos | Neg | Neg | Neg |
20 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
21 | Neg | Pos | Neg | Neg |
22 | Pos | Neg | Neg | Pos |
23 | Pos | Pos | Pos | Pos |
24 | Pos | Pos | Neg | Neg |
25 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
26 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
27 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
28 | Neg | Neg | Pos | Pos |
29 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Pos |
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Breitschwerdt, E.B.; Bradley, J.M.; Maggi, R.G.; Lashnits, E.; Reicherter, P. Bartonella Associated Cutaneous Lesions (BACL) in People with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Pathogens 2020, 9, 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121023
Breitschwerdt EB, Bradley JM, Maggi RG, Lashnits E, Reicherter P. Bartonella Associated Cutaneous Lesions (BACL) in People with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Pathogens. 2020; 9(12):1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121023
Chicago/Turabian StyleBreitschwerdt, Edward B., Julie M. Bradley, Ricardo G. Maggi, Erin Lashnits, and Paul Reicherter. 2020. "Bartonella Associated Cutaneous Lesions (BACL) in People with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms" Pathogens 9, no. 12: 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121023