Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Progression and Pathology of COVID-19
2.1. Cytokine Storms and the Inflammatory Response
2.2. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
3. Biochemical Considerations of SARS-CoV-2
3.1. SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry
3.2. Viral Replication Cycle
3.3. ACE2 Tropism of SARS-CoV-2
3.4. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Molecular Mimicry: ENaC-Alpha, ACE2, and PCSK
4. Therapeutic Possibilities
4.1. Prevention of Cellular Infection
4.2. Symptom Amelioration
4.2.1. Coagulation
4.2.2. Inflammation as a Treatable Pathology
4.2.3. Edema
5. Extravascular Effects of Endothelial Infection
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Type | Tissue | ACE2 Expression | TMPRSS2 Expression | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Goblet/Basal/Ciliated Cells | Nasal Cavity | - | + | [17,18] |
Secretory/Basal/Multiciliated | Lung | + | + | [19] |
Epithelial Enterocytes | Ileum | + | + | [21] |
Endothelial Cells | Vasculature | + | + | [15] |
Myocyte Cells | Heart | + | - | [22] |
Pericyte Cells | Heart | + | - | [22] |
Corneal Epithelium | Eye | + | + | [23] |
Cholanglocytes | Liver | + | - | [24] |
Epithelial Cells | Bladder | - | + | [25] |
Fibroblast Cells | Bladder | - | + | [25] |
Proximal Tubule | Kidney | + | + | [26] |
Ductal Epithelium | Pancreas | + | + | [27] |
Epithelial Cells | Prostate/Testis | - | + | [28] |
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Oxford, A.E.; Halla, F.; Robertson, E.B.; Morrison, B.E. Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19. Pathogens 2020, 9, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100785
Oxford AE, Halla F, Robertson EB, Morrison BE. Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19. Pathogens. 2020; 9(10):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100785
Chicago/Turabian StyleOxford, Alexandra E., Fabio Halla, Evan B. Robertson, and Brad E. Morrison. 2020. "Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19" Pathogens 9, no. 10: 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100785