A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Search Results
2.2. Historial Evidence of EIV Infections in Man
2.3. Human Volunteer H3N8 EIV Experimental Infection
2.4. Evidence of Human EIV Infection after Infected Equid Exposure
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNKI | Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure |
EIV | Equine Influenza Virus |
ILI | Influenza-like-illness |
IRD | Influenza Research Database |
TCID50 | 50% tissue culture infective doses |
UK | United Kingdom |
USA | United States of America |
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Publications | Country and Year | Main Summary |
---|---|---|
Gaidamaka et al. [11] | Ukraine 1959 | The authors present horse serological data supporting a position that an EIV epizootic among race horses may have been associated with a temporally-related recent human influenza epidemic. |
Marois et al. [12] | Canada 1963 | The authors report an EIV epizootic among 800 horses with an 86% attack rate. The authors report viral culture and serological evidence that virus came from humans and speculate such EIV outbreaks in horses may put humans at risk. |
Kasel et al. [13] | USA 1965 | First NIH experimental infection study of five human volunteers with H3N8 equine influenza virus. One (20%) developed signs and symptoms. |
Minuse et al. [14] | USA 1965 | Cross-sectional seroepidemiological study of 300 humans for antibodies against EIV H3N8 equine strains suggesting different exposure by age group during 1870 to 1900. |
Schild et al. [15] | UK 1965 | The authors summarize a series of serological studies of people of various ages and illness states. Persons >65yrs had neutralizing antibodies against A/Equine/Miami/63 (later determined to be H3N8 or Equi-2) |
Voth et al. [16] | USA 1966 | Serological study of 119 study subjects found 34% with slightly elevated antibody against a 1963 H3N8 equine virus. |
Masurel et al. [17] | Netherlands 1966 | Cross-sectional seroepidemiological study of 2750 humans suggested many had exposure to a H3N8 EIV during the period 1896–1900. |
Alford et al. [18] | USA 1967 | Second NIH experimental infection study of 33 human volunteers with H3N8 equine influenza virus: 63% had viable virus after 3 days, 60% seroconverted, and 12% had clinical signs or symptoms. |
Kasel et al. [19] | USA 1969 | A third NIH report of experimental infection with H3N8 EIV in 15 human volunteers: 100% had viable virus after 4 days, 93% developed a 4-fold rise in antibody, and 87% developed signs of illness. |
Morens et al. [2] | USA 2010 | Historical review of evidence that EIV may have infected man. |
Morens et al. [3] | USA 2010 | Suggestion that the 1872 equine influenza epizootic may have been associated with a temporally-related human influenza epidemic. |
Khurelbaatar et al. [20] | Mongolia 2013 | A cross-sectional study of 439 adult Mongolians revealed some elevated antibodies against H3N8 EIV, but it was not clearly related to horse exposure. |
Khurelbaatar et al. [21] | Mongolia 2014 | Prospective study of 439 Mongolians for evidence of EIV infections. Sparse serological evidence of elevated titers against H3N8 EIV. |
Fiona et al. [22] | Australia 2014 | Eighty-nine humans exposed to a 2007 Australian H3N8 EIV horse epizootic had little evidence of EIV infection. |
Parrish et al. [23] | USA 2015 | Recent review of equine and canine influenza literature. Possible threat to humans discussed. |
Larson et al. [24] | USA 2015 | Serological evidence supported the premise that occupational exposure to horses may lead to human infection with H3N8 EIV. |
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Xie, T.; Anderson, B.D.; Daramragchaa, U.; Chuluunbaatar, M.; Gray, G.C. A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic. Pathogens 2016, 5, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5030050
Xie T, Anderson BD, Daramragchaa U, Chuluunbaatar M, Gray GC. A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic. Pathogens. 2016; 5(3):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5030050
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Tai, Benjamin D. Anderson, Ulziimaa Daramragchaa, Maitsetset Chuluunbaatar, and Gregory C. Gray. 2016. "A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic" Pathogens 5, no. 3: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5030050
APA StyleXie, T., Anderson, B. D., Daramragchaa, U., Chuluunbaatar, M., & Gray, G. C. (2016). A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic. Pathogens, 5(3), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5030050