Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Macrophages and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Staphylococcus aureus
1
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
2
Centre for Human Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Rachel McLoughlin
Pathogens 2015, 4(4), 826-868; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4040826
Received: 30 October 2015
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Revised: 17 November 2015
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Accepted: 24 November 2015
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Published: 27 November 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Staphylococcus Aureus Infection)
Habitually professional phagocytes, including macrophages, eradicate microbial invaders from the human body without overt signs of infection. Despite this, there exist select bacteria that are professional pathogens, causing significant morbidity and mortality across the globe and Staphylococcus aureus is no exception. S. aureus is a highly successful pathogen that can infect virtually every tissue that comprises the human body causing a broad spectrum of diseases. The profound pathogenic capacity of S. aureus can be attributed, in part, to its ability to elaborate a profusion of bacterial effectors that circumvent host immunity. Macrophages are important professional phagocytes that contribute to both the innate and adaptive immune response, however from in vitro and in vivo studies, it is evident that they fail to eradicate S. aureus. This review provides an overview of the antimicrobial mechanisms employed by macrophages to combat bacteria and describes the immune evasion strategies and some representative effectors that enable S. aureus to evade macrophage-mediated killing.
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Keywords:
macrophage; phagocytosis; immunity; Staphylococcus; anti-phagocytic; immune evasion; nutritional immunity
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MDPI and ACS Style
Flannagan, R.S.; Heit, B.; Heinrichs, D.E. Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Macrophages and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2015, 4, 826-868. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4040826
AMA Style
Flannagan RS, Heit B, Heinrichs DE. Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Macrophages and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens. 2015; 4(4):826-868. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4040826
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlannagan, Ronald S., Bryan Heit, and David E. Heinrichs. 2015. "Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Macrophages and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Staphylococcus aureus" Pathogens 4, no. 4: 826-868. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4040826
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