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10.3390/pathogens15030247
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Article

Environmental Persistence and Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Salmonella Minnesota in Poultry Slaughterhouses

by
Larissa Justino
1,2,
Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
2,*,
Rafael Humberto de Carvalho
3,
Tiago Casella
4,
Evelin Lurie Sano
2,
João Vitor da Silva Costa
2,
Arthur Roberto da Costa
5,
Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa
2,
Maria Fernanda Marques Pilli
2,
Ana Carolina Bergamo Benteo
2,
Marielen de Souza
2,
Alceu Kazuo Hirata
6,
Carlos Adelino Dalle Mole
6,
Rafael Mesalla Costalonga Andrade
2,
Raphael Lucio Andreatti Filho
7 and
Alexandre Oba
1
1
Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Zootechny, Agricultural Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Avian Medicine, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
3
Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
4
Department of Dermatological, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Microorganism Research, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
5
Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
6
Vetanco Brazil, Chapecó 89813-824, Brazil
7
Laboratory of Ornithopathology, Department of the of Veterinary Clinic, Center for Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2026, 15(3), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030247
Submission received: 19 January 2026 / Revised: 7 February 2026 / Accepted: 11 February 2026 / Published: 26 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salmonella: A Global Health Threat and Food Safety Challenge)
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Abstract

Salmonella Minnesota (SM) is considered an emerging serovar, adapted to the poultry production chain, frequently associated with antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and environmental persistence. This study aimed to characterize SM isolates from a poultry slaughterhouse regarding phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-forming capacity, thermal tolerance, genotypic virulence profile, and clonal relatedness. Strains obtained from carcasses (n = 26), cecal contents (n = 25), and chiller water (n = 11) from the slaughterhouse were evaluated. A high frequency of resistance to β-lactams, multidrug-resistant phenotypes, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates were observed. All isolates harbored genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation (invA, csgD, and adrA). Biofilm formation was influenced by temperature, with greater intensity at refrigeration temperatures, especially on stainless steel surfaces. In thermal tolerance assays, a negative correlation between temperature and bacterial viability was observed. Genetically related lineages circulating among cecum, carcass, and slaughterhouse chiller water over time were observed. These findings indicate that the persistence of SM in poultry slaughterhouses is sustained by the interaction between antimicrobial resistance, adaptive capacity associated with biofilm formation, and the circulation of genetically related lineages, representing a relevant challenge for food safety and public health.
Keywords: Salmonella Minnesota; poultry slaughterhouse; biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; virulence; PFGE Salmonella Minnesota; poultry slaughterhouse; biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; virulence; PFGE

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MDPI and ACS Style

Justino, L.; Baptista, A.A.S.; de Carvalho, R.H.; Casella, T.; Sano, E.L.; da Silva Costa, J.V.; da Costa, A.R.; Menck-Costa, M.F.; Marques Pilli, M.F.; Bergamo Benteo, A.C.; et al. Environmental Persistence and Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Salmonella Minnesota in Poultry Slaughterhouses. Pathogens 2026, 15, 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030247

AMA Style

Justino L, Baptista AAS, de Carvalho RH, Casella T, Sano EL, da Silva Costa JV, da Costa AR, Menck-Costa MF, Marques Pilli MF, Bergamo Benteo AC, et al. Environmental Persistence and Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Salmonella Minnesota in Poultry Slaughterhouses. Pathogens. 2026; 15(3):247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030247

Chicago/Turabian Style

Justino, Larissa, Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista, Rafael Humberto de Carvalho, Tiago Casella, Evelin Lurie Sano, João Vitor da Silva Costa, Arthur Roberto da Costa, Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa, Maria Fernanda Marques Pilli, Ana Carolina Bergamo Benteo, and et al. 2026. "Environmental Persistence and Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Salmonella Minnesota in Poultry Slaughterhouses" Pathogens 15, no. 3: 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030247

APA Style

Justino, L., Baptista, A. A. S., de Carvalho, R. H., Casella, T., Sano, E. L., da Silva Costa, J. V., da Costa, A. R., Menck-Costa, M. F., Marques Pilli, M. F., Bergamo Benteo, A. C., de Souza, M., Hirata, A. K., Dalle Mole, C. A., Costalonga Andrade, R. M., Andreatti Filho, R. L., & Oba, A. (2026). Environmental Persistence and Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Salmonella Minnesota in Poultry Slaughterhouses. Pathogens, 15(3), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15030247

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