Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Virology and Epidemiology of OBI
3. Detection Method of OBI and Blood Transfusion Safety
4. Strategies to Mitigate the Risk of OBI During Blood Transfusions
4.1. Enhance the Sensitivity and Specificity of Detection
4.2. Strict Blood Donor Screening and Feedback System
4.3. Prevention Through Vaccination
4.4. Engage in Public Education Initiatives
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Target | HBV cccDNA | HBV DNA | HBsAg | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Histone | NIRF | − | − | − | [33] |
LSD1 | − | − | − | [29] | |
PRMT5 | − | − | − | [30] | |
Regulatory protein | HBx | + | + | − | [34] |
HBx mutations | + | − | − | [35] | |
Transcription factor regulation | ZHX2 | + | − | − | [36] |
RXRα | + | + | − | [37] | |
Acetylation | SIRT3 | + | − | − | [26] |
SIRT1 | − | + | − | [27] | |
TIP60 | − | − | − | [28] |
Fist Author | Publication Year | Location | OBI Infection | Sample Size | OBI Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asim M [47] | 2010 | New Delhi, India | 31 | 2175 | 1.42529% |
Yuen MF [48] | 2011 | Hong Kong, China | 67 | 217,595 | 0.03079% |
Maria GM [49] | 2011 | Mexico | 24 | 20,328 | 0.11806% |
Lovrantova E [50] | 2011 | Slovak | 15 | 65,010 | 0.02307% |
Kim MJ [51] | 2012 | South Korea | 23 | 149,471 | 0.01538% |
El-Ghitany [52] | 2013 | Alexandria, Egypt | 21 | 508 | 4.13385% |
Zeinab NS [53] | 2013 | Egypt | 52 | 3167 | 1.64193% |
Alizadeh Z [54] | 2014 | Iran | 2 | 500 | 0.4% |
Muselmani W [55] | 2014 | Syria | 5 | 3896 | 0.12834% |
Niazi SK [56] | 2015 | Northern Pakistan | 719 | 56,772 | 0.01266% |
Oluyinka O [57] | 2015 | Nigerian | 72 | 429 | 16.78322% |
Graba P [58] | 2015 | Poland | 2 | 421,447 | 0.00047% |
Belen P [59] | 2016 | Córdoba, Argentina | 4 | 70,102 | 0.0057% |
Cinzia SK [60] | 2016 | South India | 4 | 24,338 | 0.01644% |
Mardian Y [61] | 2017 | Indonesia | 17 | 456 | 3.72807% |
Athira KP [62] | 2018 | India | 52 | 1102 | 4.71869% |
Dodd RY [63] | 2018 | USA | 433 | 22,370,271 | 0.00194% |
Alzahrani FM [64] | 2019 | Eastern Saudi Arabia | 12 | 22,842 | 0.05253% |
Andrea Z [65] | 2022 | Switzerland | 7 | 11,432 | 0.06123% |
Sheila OB [66] | 2023 | Canada | 61 | 1,401,603 | 0.00435% |
Ondigui JLN [67] | 2022 | Africa | 2760 | 18,579 | 14.8% |
Fist Author | Publication Year | Location | OBI Infection | Sample Size | OBI Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Y [68] | 2010 | Nanjing, China | 5 | 2972 | 0.16824% |
Lie YS [69] | 2011 | Shaoxing, China | 8 | 8692 | 0.09204% |
Dong J [70] | 2014 | Hangzhou, China | 86 | 178,447 | 0.04819% |
Zhou S [71] | 2015 | Shenzhen, China | 99 | 310,167 | 0.03192% |
Lin H [72] | 2016 | Jiangsu, China | 81 | 157,119 | 0.05155% |
Liu C [73] | 2016 | Beijing, China | 13551 | 20,084,187 | 0.06747% |
Liao H [74] | 2017 | Baoji, China | 60 | 110,843 | 0.05413% |
Ye XL [75] | 2017 | Shenzhen, China | 6 | 1134 | 0.5291% |
Lin H [76] | 2017 | Jiangsu, China | 80 | 134,495 | 0.05948% |
Tang X [77] | 2018 | Guangzhou, China | 10 | 14,937 | 0.06695% |
Ye XL [78] | 2019 | Shenzhen, China | 162 | 123,280 | 0.1314% |
Ye XL [79] | 2022 | Heyuan, China | 70 | 44,592 | 0.15698% |
Chen JF [80] | 2023 | Shandong, China | 69 | 220,445 | 0.0313% |
Deng XL [81] | 2023 | Liaoning, China | 451 | 869,633 | 0.05186% |
Wang R [82] | 2024 | Beijing, China | 76 | 212,134 | 0.03583% |
Mo YP [83] | 2024 | Huzhou, China | 31 | 44,256 | 0.07004% |
Ni XW [84] | 2017 | Jiaxing, China | 47 | 52,698 | 0.089% |
Jing YY [85] | 2015 | Xi’an | 171 | 263,501 | 0.06% |
Technique | ELISA | NAT | ddPCR |
---|---|---|---|
Target | Antigen or antibody | Nucleic acid | Nucleic acid |
Theory | Antigen–antibody reaction | Nucleic acid amplification (e.g., PCR, RT-PCR) to detect DNA or RNA of pathogens | The samples were divided into many independent reaction chambers for PCR amplification and fluorescence signal detection, and the copy number of the target molecule was calculated based on the Poisson distribution |
Sensitivity | pg/mL | The sensitivity of HBV nucleic acid detection was 100% [105] | It can detect rare mutations or single-copy nucleic acids as low as 0.001% [104] |
Specificity | Low specificity and possible cross-reactivity | High | High |
Time of detection | 1.5–4 h | 1.5–2.5 h | 4–6 h |
Detection flux | High throughput (96-well plate) | Medium (requires tube-by-tube amplification) | Low (droplet generation efficiency-dependent) [106] |
Cost | Low | High | Highest (expensive equipment, high cost of reagents) |
Generalizability | Suitable for mass screening, especially in resource-limited settings | Dependent on professional and laboratory conditions | Specialized training and data interpretation are required |
For OBI | Combined test (HBsAg + anti-HBc + anti-HBs) is used for initial screening in resource-limited areas, but window period exists | Shortening the window period and supporting typing is the gold standard for diagnosis | No need for standard curve, accurate calculation of viral copy number, currently applicable to scientific research, accurate monitoring of OBI viral loads |
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Yi, M.; Dai, S.; Fang, L.; Pan, B.; Fan, B.; Pan, Y.; Liu, Z. Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures. Pathogens 2025, 14, 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040301
Yi M, Dai S, Fang L, Pan B, Fan B, Pan Y, Liu Z. Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures. Pathogens. 2025; 14(4):301. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040301
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Meng, Shuchang Dai, Lin Fang, Bo Pan, Bin Fan, Yiming Pan, and Zhong Liu. 2025. "Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures" Pathogens 14, no. 4: 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040301
APA StyleYi, M., Dai, S., Fang, L., Pan, B., Fan, B., Pan, Y., & Liu, Z. (2025). Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures. Pathogens, 14(4), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040301