Emergence and Control of African Swine Fever
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Contributions
- Ramirez-Medina, E.; Rai, A.; Espinoza, N.; Spinard, E.; Silva, E.; Burton, L.; Clark, J.; Meyers, A.; Valladares, A.; Velazquez-Salinas, L.; et al. Recombinant Vaccine Strain ASFV-G-∆9GL/∆UK Produced in the IPKM Cell Line Is Genetically Stable and Efficacious in Inducing Protection in Pigs Challenged with the Virulent African Swine Fever Virus Field Isolate Georgia 2010. Pathogens 2024, 13, 319.
- Borca, M.V.; Ramirez-Medina, E.; Silva, E.; Rai, A.; Espinoza, N.; Velazquez-Salinas, L.; Gladue, D.P. ASF Vaccine Candidate ASFV-G-∆I177L Does Not Exhibit Residual Virulence in Long-Term Clinical Studies. Pathogens 2023, 12, 805.
- Silva, E.B.; Krug, P.W.; Ramirez-Medina, E.; Valladares, A.; Rai, A.; Espinoza, N.; Gladue, D.P.; Borca, M.V. The Presence of Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Is Highly Associated with Protection against Virulent Challenge in Domestic Pigs Immunized with ASFV live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1311.
- Wu, Q.; Li, C.; Zhu, B.; Zhu, J.; Yang, K.; Liu, Z.; Liu, W.; Gao, T.; Yuan, F.; Guo, R.; et al. Advancement in the Antigenic Epitopes and Vaccine Adjuvants of African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2024, 13, 706.
- Jackman, J.A.; Arabyan, E.; Zakaryan, H.; Elrod, C.C. Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits Wild-Type African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Porcine Macrophages. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1193.
- Frost, L.; Tully, M.; Dixon, L.; Hicks, H.M.; Bennett, J.; Stokes, I.; Marsella, L.; Gubbins, S.; Batten, C. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants against African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2023, 12, 855.
- Schambow, R.A.; Hussain, S.; Antognoli, M.C.; Kreindel, S.; Reyes, R.; Perez, A.M. Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1414.
- Hsu, C.H.; Schambow, R.; Montenegro, M.; Miclat-Sonaco, R.; Perez, A. Factors Affecting the Spread, Diagnosis, and Control of African Swine Fever in the Philippines. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1068.
- Moskalenko, L.; Schulz, K.; Nedosekov, V.; Motus, K.; Viltrop, A. Understanding Smallholder Pigkeepers’ Awareness and Perceptions of African Swine Fever and Its Control Measures in Ukraine. Pathogens 2024, 13, 139.
- Okwasiimire, R.; Flint, J.F.; Kayaga, E.B.; Lakin, S.; Pierce, J.; Barrette, R.W.; Faburay, B.; Ndoboli, D.; Ekakoro, J.E.; Wampande, E.M.; et al. Whole Genome Sequencing Shows that African Swine Fever Virus Genotype IX Is Still Circulating in Domestic Pigs in All Regions of Uganda. Pathogens 2023, 12, 912.
- Mazloum, A.; Van Schalkwyk, A.; Chernyshev, R.; Shotin, A.; Korennoy, F.I.; Igolkin, A.; Sprygin, A. Genetic Characterization of the Central Variable Region in African Swine Fever Virus Isolates in the Russian Federation from 2013 to 2017. Pathogens 2022, 11, 919.
- Richter, M.; Schulz, K.; Elflein, T.; Achterberg, J.; Olsevskis, E.; Serzants, M.; Lamberga, K.; Conraths, F.J.; Sauter-Louis, C. The First Eighteen Months of African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Saxony, Germany and Latvia—A Comparison. Pathogens 2023, 12, 87.
- Olesen, A.S.; Lazov, C.M.; Accensi, F.; Johnston, C.M.; Rasmussen, T.B.; Botner, A.; Lohse, L.; Belsham, G.J. Evaluation of the Dose of African Swine Fever Virus Required to Establish Infection in Pigs Following Oral Uptake. Pathogens 2025, 14, 119.
- Nguyen, T.T.H.; Nguyen, V.T.; Le, P.N.; Mai, N.T.A.; Dong, V.H.; Bui, T.A.D.; Nguyen, T.L.; Ambagala, A.; Le, V.P. Pathological Characteristics of Domestic Pigs Orally Infected with the Virus Strain Causing the First Reported African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Vietnam. Pathogens 2023, 12, 393.
- Avagyan, H.; Hakobyan, S.; Baghdasaryan, B.; Arzumanyan, H.; Poghosyan, A.; Bayramyan, N.; Semerjyan, A.; Sargsyan, M.; Voskanyan, H.; Vardanyan, T.; et al. Pathology and Clinics of Naturally Occurring Low-Virulence Variants of African Swine Fever Emerged in Domestic Pigs in the South Caucasus. Pathogens 2024, 13, 130.
- Sehl-Ewert, J.; Deutschmann, P.; Breithaupt, A.; Blome, S. Pathology of African Swine Fever in Wild Boar Carcasses Naturally Infected with German Virus Variants. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1386.
- Li, Z.; Chen, W.; Li, X.; Wu, K.; Wang, X.; Wang, W.; Li, Y.; Yi, L.; Zhao, M.; Ding, H.; et al. Transcriptome Profiling in Swine Macrophages Infected with African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Uncovers the Complex and Close Relationship with Host. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1411.
- Friedrichs, V.; Reicks, D.; Zimmerman, J.J.; Nelson, E.A.; Sauter-Louis, C.; Beer, M.; Christopher-Hennings, J.; Blome, S. Establishment of a Suitable Diagnostic Workflow to Ensure Sensitive Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Genome in Porcine Semen. Pathogens 2024, 13, 537.
- Shi, K.; Zhao, K.; Wei, H.; Zhou, Q.; Shi, Y.; Mo, S.; Long, F.; Hu, L.; Feng, S.; Mo, M. Triplex Crystal Digital PCR for the Detection and Differentiation of the Wild-Type Strain and the MGF505-2R and I177L Gene-Deleted Strain of African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1092.
- Watanabe, M.; Kitamura, T.; Nagata, K.; Ikezawa, M.; Kameyama, K.I.; Masujin, K.; Kokuho, T. Development of a Novel Indirect ELISA for the Serological Diagnosis of African Swine Fever Using p11.5 Protein as a Target Antigen. Pathogens 2023, 12, 774.
References
- Li, Z.; Chen, W.; Qiu, Z.; Li, Y.; Fan, J.; Wu, K.; Li, X.; Zhao, M.; Ding, H.; Fan, S.; et al. African Swine Fever Virus: A Review. Life 2022, 12, 1255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schambow, R.A.; Carrasquillo, N.; Kreindel, S.; Perez, A.M. An update on active and passive surveillance for African swine fever in the Dominican Republic. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 2244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vu, H.L.X.; McVey, D.S. Recent progress on gene-deleted live-attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024, 9, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bergmann, H.; Dups-Bergmann, J.; Schulz, K.; Probst, C.; Zani, L.; Fischer, M.; Gethmann, J.; Denzin, N.; Blome, S.; Conraths, F.J.; et al. Identification of Risk Factors for African Swine Fever: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022, 14, 2107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ruedas-Torres, I.; Thi To Nga, B.; Salguero, F.J. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024, 15, 2375550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, S.; Wang, T.; Luo, R.; Lu, Z.; Lan, J.; Sun, Y.; Fu, Q.; Qiu, H.J. Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects. Viruses 2024, 16, 913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pikalo, J.; Deutschmann, P.; Fischer, M.; Roszyk, H.; Beer, M.; Blome, S. African Swine Fever Laboratory Diagnosis-Lessons Learned from Recent Animal Trials. Pathogens 2021, 10, 177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Velazquez-Salinas, L. Emergence and Control of African Swine Fever. Pathogens 2025, 14, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030283
Velazquez-Salinas L. Emergence and Control of African Swine Fever. Pathogens. 2025; 14(3):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030283
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelazquez-Salinas, Lauro. 2025. "Emergence and Control of African Swine Fever" Pathogens 14, no. 3: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030283
APA StyleVelazquez-Salinas, L. (2025). Emergence and Control of African Swine Fever. Pathogens, 14(3), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030283