Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Sexual Transmitted Infection among HIV-1 Positive Migrants in Portugal: Are There Differences between Sexes?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. Management and Statistical Analysis of Data
3. Results
3.1. Epidemiologic and Clinical Data
3.2. Behavioral Data and Risk Factor
3.3. Testing for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections
3.4. Determinants Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Patient Characteristics | Total | Men | Women | p Value a |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Sex | 265 (100%) | 177 (66.8%) | 88 (33.2%) | |
Age group | 262 (100%) | 175 (100%) | 87 (100%) | |
≤24 | 37 (14.1%) | 26 (14.9%) | 11 (12.6%) | 0.330 |
25–44 | 157 (59.9%) | 102 (58.3%) | 55 (63.2%) | |
45–63 | 62 (23.7%) | 41 (23.4%) | 21 (24.1%) | |
≥ 64 | 6 (2.3%) | 6 (3.4%) | --- | |
Transmission Route | 263 (100%) | 176 (66.9%) | 87 (33.1%) | |
Heterosexual | 156 (59.3%) | 72 (40.9%) | 84 (96.6%) | <0.001 |
MSM | 102 (38.8%) | 102 (58.0%) | -- | |
Injectable Drug Users (IDU) | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (1.1%) | -- | |
Other/Unknown | 3 (1.1%) | -- | 3 (3.4%) | |
Civil Status | 176 (100%) | 108 (100%) | 68 (100%) | |
Divorced | 19 (10.8%) | 9 (8.3%) | 10 (14.7%) | 0.017 |
Married | 56 (31.8%) | 27 (25.0%) | 29 (42.6%) | |
Single | 99 (56.3%) | 71 (65.7%) | 28 (41.2%) | |
Widower | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
School level | 175 (100%) | 109 (100%) | 66 (100%) | |
None | 6 (3.4%) | 3 (2.8%) | 3 (4.5%) | 0.134 |
Third level (9th degree) | 47 (26.9%) | 23 (21.1%) | 24 (36.4%) | |
Secondary (12nd degree) | 54 (30.9%) | 35 (32.1%) | 19 (28.8%) | |
Advanced Technical | 18 (10.3%) | 11 (10.1%) | 7 (10.6%) | |
Higher education | 50 (28.6%) | 37 (33.9%) | 13 (19.7%) | |
Current occupation | 172 (100%) | 106 (100%) | 66 (100%) | |
Unemployed | 29 (16.9%) | 11 (10.4%) | 18 (27.3%) | 0.046 |
Employed | 125 (72.7%) | 82 (77.4%) | 43 (65.2%) | |
Retired | 5 (2.9%) | 4 (3.8%) | 1 (1.5%) | |
Student | 11 (6.4%) | 7 (6.6%) | 4 (6.1%) | |
Sex worker | 2 (1.2%) | 2 (1.9%) | --- | |
Current income | 166 (100%) | 104 (100%) | 62 (100%) | |
Very Insufficient | 22 (13.3%) | 10 (9.6%) | 12 (19.4%) | <0.001 |
Insufficient | 53 (31.9%) | 24 (23.1%) | 29 (46.8%) | |
Sufficient | 83 (50.0%) | 63 (60.6%) | 20 (32.3%) | |
More than sufficient | 8 (4.8%) | 7 (6.7%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
Country of origin | 265 (100%) | 177 (100%) | 88 (100%) | |
Brazil | 105 (39.6%) | 86 (48.6%) | 19 (21.6%) | <0.001 |
African countries | 132 (49.8%) | 68 (38.4%) | 64 (72.7%) | |
Angola | 41 (31.1%) | 22 (32.4%) | 19 (29.7%) | |
Cape Verde | 27 (20.5%) | 18 (26.5%) | 9 (14.1%) | |
Guinea Bissau | 49 (37.1%) | 19 (27.9%) | 30 (46.9%) | |
Other African Countries | 15 (11.4%) | 9 (13.2%) | 6 (9.4%) | |
Other countries * | 28 (10.6%) | 23 (12.9%) | 5 (5.7%) |
Total | Men | Women | p Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Sexual partner | 172 (100%) | 108 (100%) | 61 (100%) | |
Men | 118 (69.8%) | 57 (52.8%) | 61 (100%) | <0.001 |
Women | 42 (24.9%) | 42 (38.9%) | --- | |
Men and Women | 9 (5.3%) | 9 (8.3%) | --- | |
Sexual partner at last sexual relation | 132 (100%) | 88 (100%) | 44 (100%) | |
Occasional | 42 (31.8%) | 38 (43.2%) | 4 (9.1%) | <0.001 |
Regular | 88 (66.7%) | 48 (54.5%) | 40 (90.9%) | |
Sex worker | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (2.3%) | --- | |
Number of regular sexual partners in last 12 months | 81 (100%) | 48 (100%) | 33 (100%) | |
1 sexual partner | 65 (80.2%) | 36 (75.0%) | 29 (87.9%) | 0.223 |
2–3 sexual partners | 13 (16.1%) | 9 (18.8%) | 4 (12.1%) | |
≥4 sexual partners | 3 (3.7%) | 3 (6.2%) | --- | |
Number of occasional sexual partners in last 12 months | 28 (100%) | 27 (100%) | 1 (100%) | |
1 sexual partner | 4 (14.3%) | 3 (11.1%) | 1 (100%) | 0.045 |
2–3 sexual partners | 12 (42.9%) | 12 (44.4%) | --- | |
≥4 sexual partners | 12 (42.9%) | 12 (44.4%) | --- | |
Condom use with regular sexual partner in the last 12 months | 118 (100%) | 74 (100%) | 44 (100%) | |
Always | 48 (40.7%) | 35 (47.3%) | 13 (29.5%) | 0.144 |
Never | 36 (30.5%) | 19 (25.7%) | 17 (38.6%) | |
Sometimes | 34 (28.8%) | 20 (27.0%) | 14 (31.8%) | |
Condom use with occasional sexual partner in the last 12 months | 61 (100%) | 53 (100%) | 8 (100%) | |
Always | 30 (49.2%) | 27 (50.9%) | 3 (37.5%) | 0.224 |
Never | 10 (16.4%) | 7 (13.2%) | 3 (37.5%) | |
Sometimes | 21 (34.4%) | 19 (35.8%) | 2 (25.0%) | |
Condom use with sex workers sexual partner in the last 12 months | 22 (100%) | 17 (100%) | 5 (100%) | |
Always | 11 (50.0%) | 9 (52.9%) | 2 (40.0%) | 0.367 |
Never | 8 (36.4%) | 5 (29.4%) | 3 (60.0%) | |
Sometimes | 3 (13.6%) | 3 (17.6%) | --- | |
Did you make tattoos? | 138 (100%) | 92 (100%) | 46 (100%) | |
Yes | 49 (35.5%) | 35 (38.0%) | 14 (30.4%) | 0.452 |
No | 89 (64.5%) | 57 (62.0%) | 32 (69.6%) | |
Did you share needles for injecting drugs? | 131 (100%) | 86 (100%) | 45 (100%) | |
Yes | 4 (3.1%) | 4 (4.7%) | --- | 0.298 |
No | 127 (96.9%) | 82 (95.3%) | 45 (64.3%) | |
Were invasive medical procedures performed? | 144 (100%) | 93 (100%) | 51 (100%) | |
Yes | 66 (45.8%) | 43 (46.2%) | 23 (45.1%) | 0.896 |
No | 78 (54.2%) | 50 (53.8%) | 28 (54.9%) | |
Have you had blood transfusions? | 133 (100%) | 87 (100%) | 46 (100%) | |
Yes | 20 (15.0%) | 9 (10.3%) | 11 (23.9%) | 0.044 |
No | 113 (85.0%) | 78 (89.7%) | 35 (76.1%) |
Total | Men | Women | p Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
STI diagnosis | 139 (100%) | 89 (100%) | 50 (100%) | |
Yes | 43 (30.9%) | 36 (40.4%) | 7 (14.0%) | 0.001 |
No | 96 (69.1%) | 53 (59.6%) | 43 (86.0%) | |
Date of last STI diagnosis | 76 (100%) | 55 (100%) | 21 (100%) | |
<1 year | 39 (51.3%) | 29 (52.7%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.049 |
1–5 years | 22 (28.9%) | 19 (34.5%) | 3 (14.3%) | |
≥5 years | 5 (6.6%) | 3 (5.5%) | 2 (9.5%) | |
Doesn’t know | 10 (13.2%) | 4 (7.3%) | 6 (28.6%) | |
Hepatitis B diagnosis | 30 (100%) | 19 (100%) | 11 (100%) | |
No | 17 (56.7%) | 12 (63.2%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.454 |
Yes | 13 (43.3%) | 7 (36.8%) | 6 (54.5%) | |
Hepatitis C diagnosis | 23 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 7 (100%) | |
No | 20 (87.0%) | 13 (81.3%) | 7 (100%) | 0.526 |
Yes | 3 (13.0%) | 3 (18.8%) | - | |
Date of last HIV negative diagnosis | 135 (100%) | 92 (100%) | 43 (100%) | |
<1 year | 68 (50.4%) | 46 (50.0%) | 22 (51.2%) | 0.606 |
1–5 years | 47 (34.8%) | 34 (37.0%) | 13 (30.2%) | |
≥5 years | 20 (14.8%) | 12 (13.0%) | 8 (18.6%) | |
Date of HIV infection | 87 (100%) | 69 (100%) | 18 (100%) | |
<1 year | 39 (44.8%) | 32 (46.4%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.184 |
1–5 years | 42 (48.3%) | 34 (49.3%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
≥5 years | 6 (6.9%) | 3 (4.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
Transmission route self-reported | 158 (100%) | 101 (100%) | 57 (100%) | |
Sexual transmission route | 122 (77.2%) | 83 (82.2%) | 39 (68.4%) | 0.124 |
Others transmission route | 5 (3.2%) | 3 (3.0%) | 2 (3.5%) | |
Doesn’t know | 31 (19.6%) | 15 (14.9%) | 16 (28.1%) | |
HIV serology of sexual partners | 135 (100%) | 91 (100%) | 44 (100%) | |
HIV positive | 40 (29.6%) | 29 (31.9%) | 11 (25.0%) | 0.628 |
HIV negative | 20 (14.8%) | 14 (15.4%) | 6 (13.6%) | |
Doesn’t know | 75 (55.6%) | 48 (52.7%) | 27 (61.4%) | |
If sexual transmission, which was the type of sexual partner | 100 (100%) | 66 (100%) | 34 (100%) | |
Occasional | 48 (48.0%) | 42 (63.6%) | 6 (17.5%) | <0.001 |
Regular | 50 (50.0%) | 22 (33.3%) | 28 (82.4%) | |
Sex worker | 2 (2.0%) | 2 (3.0%) | --- | |
Were you having antiretroviral therapy? | 161 (100%) | 101 (100%) | 60 (100%) | |
Yes | 120 (74.5%) | 79 (78.2%) | 41 (68.3%) | 0.338 |
No | 38 (23.6%) | 20 (19.8%) | 18 (30.0%) | |
Doesn’t know | 3 (1.9%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | |
Was your sexual partner having antiretroviral therapy? | 158 (100%) | 102 (100%) | 56 (100%) | |
Yes | 12 (7.6%) | 11 (10.8%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0.115 |
No | 32 (20.3%) | 19 (18.6%) | 13 (23.2%) | |
Doesn’t know | 114 (72.2%) | 72 (70.6%) | 42 (75.0%) | |
CD4+ cell count (cell/mm3) | 258 (100%) | 173 (100%) | 85 (100%) | |
CD4+ ≤ 350 cells/µL | 142 (55.0%) | 92 (53.2%) | 50 (58.8%) | 0.426 |
CD4+ > 350 cells/µL | 116 (45.0%) | 81 (46.8%) | 35 (41.2%) | |
CD4 baseline (Median; IQR) | 329.00 (158.75–505.0) | 343.0 (164.0–512.5) | 307.0 (150.0–489.5) | 0.607 b |
OR (95% IC) | p-Value | aOR (95% IC) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 0.240 (0.097–0.592) | 0.002 | 1.363 (0.325–5.710) | 0.672 |
Age groups | ||||
18–24 years | Ref | |||
25–44 years | 1.181 (0.374–3.729) | 0.776 | ||
45–63 years | 0.629 (0.168–2.346) | 0.490 | ||
>63 years | 1.100 (0.080–15.153) | 0.943 | ||
Country of Origin | ||||
Sub-Saharan Africa | Ref | Ref | ||
Brazil and other Latin American countries | 5.941 (2.507–14.079) | <0.001 | 1.880 (0.526–6.722) | 0.332 |
Western and Eastern Europe | 4.917 (0.941–25.681) | 0.059 | 2.518 (0.353–17.986) | 0.357 |
Other countries | 13.111 (1.075–159.858) | 0.044 | 7.060 (0.365–136.614) | 0.196 |
Civil Status | ||||
Single | Ref | Ref | ||
Married | 0.304 (0.125–0.739) | 0.009 | 0.559 (0.186–1.679) | 0.300 |
Divorced | 0.422 (0.107–1.656) | 0.216 | 0.646 (0.116–3.600) | 0.618 |
Widowed | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Route of transmission | ||||
Heterosexual | Ref | Ref | ||
MSM | 9.221 (3.960–21.469) | <0.001 | 5.695 (1.249–25.978) | 0.025 |
IDU | 6.455 (0.376–110.877) | 0.199 | 2.489 (0.098–63.462) | 0.581 |
Other/Unknown | --- | --- | --- | --- |
School Level | ||||
Third level (9th degree) | Ref | Ref | ||
Secondary (12nd degree) | 4.392 (1.418–13.603) | 0.010 | 1.353 (0.322–5.683) | 0.679 |
Advanced Technical | 3.100 (0.673–14.278) | 0.147 | 1.202 (0.196–7.367) | 0.842 |
Higher education | 4.392 (1.418–13.603) | 0.010 | 0.958 (0.221–4.155) | 0.954 |
Current Occupation | ||||
Employed | Ref | |||
Unemployed | 0.646 (0.273–1.533) | 0.322 | ||
Current Income | ||||
Very insufficient | 0.923 (0.273–3.123) | 0.897 | ||
Insufficient | Ref | |||
Sufficient | 1.353 (0.583–3.143) | 0.482 | ||
More than sufficient | 1.292 (0.209–8.000) | 0.783 |
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Miranda, M.N.S.; Pimentel, V.; Graça, J.; Seabra, S.G.; Sebastião, C.S.; Diniz, A.; Faria, D.; Teófilo, E.; Roxo, F.; Maltez, F.; et al. Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Sexual Transmitted Infection among HIV-1 Positive Migrants in Portugal: Are There Differences between Sexes? Pathogens 2024, 13, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070598
Miranda MNS, Pimentel V, Graça J, Seabra SG, Sebastião CS, Diniz A, Faria D, Teófilo E, Roxo F, Maltez F, et al. Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Sexual Transmitted Infection among HIV-1 Positive Migrants in Portugal: Are There Differences between Sexes? Pathogens. 2024; 13(7):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070598
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiranda, Mafalda N. S., Victor Pimentel, Jacqueline Graça, Sofia G. Seabra, Cruz S. Sebastião, António Diniz, Domitília Faria, Eugénio Teófilo, Fausto Roxo, Fernando Maltez, and et al. 2024. "Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Sexual Transmitted Infection among HIV-1 Positive Migrants in Portugal: Are There Differences between Sexes?" Pathogens 13, no. 7: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070598
APA StyleMiranda, M. N. S., Pimentel, V., Graça, J., Seabra, S. G., Sebastião, C. S., Diniz, A., Faria, D., Teófilo, E., Roxo, F., Maltez, F., Germano, I., Oliveira, J., Ferreira, J., Poças, J., Mansinho, K., Mendão, L., Gonçalves, M. J., Mouro, M., Marques, N., ... Pingarilho, M. (2024). Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Sexual Transmitted Infection among HIV-1 Positive Migrants in Portugal: Are There Differences between Sexes? Pathogens, 13(7), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070598