Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Definition of Eczema Phenotypes
2.3. Sampling for Microbiome Analysis
2.4. Characterization of Skin Microbiome
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. Relationship between Atopy and Eczema Persistence
3.3. Evolution of Early-Life Skin Microbiome
3.4. Temporal Effects of Skin-Microbial Diversity on Eczema Phenotypes
3.5. Skin Microbial Taxa Associated with Eczema Phenotypes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |
Received education level higher than secondary school, n/N (%) | 63/119 (52.9) |
History of allergy, n/N (%) | 42/119 (35.3) |
Paternal characteristics | |
Received education level higher than secondary school, n/N (%) | 60/119 (50.4) |
History of allergy, n/N (%) | 32/109 (29.4) |
Child characteristics | |
Male, n/N (%) | 63/119 (52.9) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.3 ± 1.2 (N = 119) |
Birth weight (g) | 3145 ± 340 (N = 119) |
Born by vaginal delivery, n/N (%) | 91/119 (76.5) |
Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month, n/N (%) | 26/109 (23.9) |
Mixed breast and formula feeding at 1 month, n/N (%) | 74/109 (67.9) |
Furry pets at home at 1 month (yes), n/N (%) | 23/109 (21.1) |
Exposure to household smoking at 1 month (yes), n/N (%) | 34/109 (31.2) |
Eczema diagnosis, n/N (%) | |
Eczema at 6 months | 40/101 (39.6) |
Eczema at 12 months | 32/98 (32.7) |
Eczema at 24 months | 22/98 (22.4) |
Atopy by skin-prick test at 12 months, n/N (%) | 26/82 (31.7) |
Sensitization to single tested allergen | 15/82 (18.3) |
Sensitization to multiple tested allergens | 11/82 (13.4) |
Received intrapartum antibiotics, n/N(%) | 60/119 (50.4) |
Received postnatal antibiotics, n/N (%) | |
Within 1 month after birth | 12/109 (11.0) |
1 month to 6 months of age | 18/100 (18.0) |
6 to 12 months of age | 22/98 (22.4) |
12 to 24 months of age | 31/86 (36.0) |
Non-Atopic Eczema–Atopic Eczema | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa at genus level | Skin Microbiome at 1 Month | Skin Microbiome at 6 Months | Skin Microbiome at 12 Months | |||
Beta coefficient | Adjusted p-value | Beta coefficient | Adjusted p-value | Beta coefficient | Adjusted p-value | |
Janibacter | N/A | N/A | −1.085 | <0.001 T | −0.123 | 1.000 F |
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Chen, Y.; Song, Y.; Chen, Z.; Yau, J.W.K.; Chan, K.C.C.; Leung, A.S.Y.; Chan, O.M.; Yeung, A.C.M.; Yuen, C.L.Y.; Chan, P.K.S.; et al. Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers. Pathogens 2023, 12, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050697
Chen Y, Song Y, Chen Z, Yau JWK, Chan KCC, Leung ASY, Chan OM, Yeung ACM, Yuen CLY, Chan PKS, et al. Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers. Pathogens. 2023; 12(5):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050697
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yehao, Yuping Song, Zigui Chen, Jennifer Wing Ki Yau, Kate Ching Ching Chan, Agnes Sze Yin Leung, Oi Man Chan, Apple Chung Man Yeung, Connie Lai Yuk Yuen, Paul Kay Sheung Chan, and et al. 2023. "Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers" Pathogens 12, no. 5: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050697
APA StyleChen, Y., Song, Y., Chen, Z., Yau, J. W. K., Chan, K. C. C., Leung, A. S. Y., Chan, O. M., Yeung, A. C. M., Yuen, C. L. Y., Chan, P. K. S., Tam, W. H., & Leung, T. F. (2023). Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers. Pathogens, 12(5), 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050697