Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Honey and Lactobacillus plantarum on Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Promotion of Healing in Infected Wounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains and Materials
2.2. Optimal Antibacterial Formulation of Honey and L. plantarum
2.3. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Honey–L. plantarum Formulation
2.4. Biofilm Formation Inhibition Assay
2.5. Live/Dead Bacterial Staining
2.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis
2.7. Changes in the Growth of L. plantarum in the Formulation
2.8. Antibacterial Effect of Honey–L. plantarum Culture Supernatant
2.9. In Vivo Animal Experiment
2.9.1. Wound Infection Model
2.9.2. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Honey–L. plantarum Formulation on the Wounds
2.9.3. Histological Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Optimal Antibacterial Formulation of L. plantarum and Honey to Inhibit S. aureus
3.2. Honey–L. plantarum Formulation Inhibited the Growth of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli
3.3. Honey–L. plantarum Formulation Inhibited the Biofilm Formation of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa
3.4. Honey–L. plantarum Formulation Increased the Transcription Level of icaA, icaR, sigB, sarA, and agrA, and Decreased the Transcription Level of lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, and pqsR
3.5. The Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Honey–L. plantarum Formulation May Depend on the Honey Promotion Growth of L. plantarum
3.6. Honey–L. plantarum Formulation Promoted Wound Healing in Rats with Infections
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|
X1 (Honey ratio, %, v/v) | 10 | 20 | 30 |
X2 (L. plantarum, CFU/mL) | 107 | 108 | 109 |
Gene | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|
rpoB | CAGCTGACGAAGAAGATAGCTATGT | ACTTCATCATCCATGAAACGACCAT |
icaA | CTGGCGCAGTCAATACTATTTCGGGTGTCT | GACCTCCCAATGTTTCTGGAACCAACTCC |
icaR | TGCTTTCAAATACCAACTTTCAAGA | ACGTTCAATTATCTAATACGCCTGA |
sigB | AAGTGATTCGTAAGGACGTCT | TCGATAACTATAACCAAAGCCT |
agrA | TGATAATCCTTATGAGGTGCTT | CACTGTGACTCGTAACGAAAA |
sarA | CAAACAACCACAAGTTGTTAAAGC | TGTTTGCTTCAGTGATTCGTTT |
lasI | CGATACCACTGGCCCCTACA | GGCTGAGTTCCCAGATGTGC |
lasR | AGGAAGTGTTGCAGTGGTGC | GGAGGTCACACCGAACTTCC |
rhlI | GTCTCGCCCTTGACCTTCTG | ATTCTGGTCCAGCCTGCAAT |
rhlR | CGGGTGAAGGGAATCGTGTG | ACGGTTTGCGTAGCGAGATG |
pqsR | CTGCTCACCGTATCGCAGAA | CGCCTGATCCCTTACATGCG |
GAPDH | CACTCCAGCCGTTTCGAACT | CGGCTTGAACACCACCGTAT |
Source of Variation | Degrees of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 8 | 48.052 | 6.007 | 5115.985 | <0.001 |
H (X1) | 2 | 32.202 | 16.101 | 13,713.656 | <0.001 |
L (X2) | 2 | 5.095 | 2.548 | 2169.997 | <0.001 |
H × L (X12) | 4 | 10.755 | 2.689 | 2290.144 | <0.001 |
Residual | 18 | 0.021 | 0.001 | ||
Cor Total | 26 | 48.073 |
Formulations | Honey (%) | L. plantarum (CFU/mL) | S. aureus (Log10CFU/mL) | Inhibition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F0 | 0 | 0 | 9.60 ± 0.04 | - |
F1 | 10 | 107 | 9.39 ± 0.01 | 2.20 ± 0.09 |
F2 | 10 | 108 | 8.54 ± 0.04 | 11.04 ± 0.37 |
F3 | 10 | 109 | 4.32 ± 0.12 | 55.05 ± 1.23 |
F4 | 20 | 107 | 9.08 ± 0.02 | 5.40 ± 0.16 |
F5 | 20 | 108 | 8.64 ± 0.03 | 10.01 ± 0.32 |
F6 | 20 | 109 | 6.70 ± 0.10 | 30.26 ± 0.1.06 |
F7 | 30 | 107 | 9.16 ± 0.01 | 4.62 ± 0.13 |
F8 | 30 | 108 | 8.81 ± 0.02 | 8.25 ± 0.25 |
F9 | 30 | 109 | 7.95 ± 0.05 | 17.23 ± 0.50 |
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Li, M.; Xiao, H.; Su, Y.; Cheng, D.; Jia, Y.; Li, Y.; Yin, Q.; Gao, J.; Tang, Y.; Bai, Q. Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Honey and Lactobacillus plantarum on Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Promotion of Healing in Infected Wounds. Pathogens 2023, 12, 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030501
Li M, Xiao H, Su Y, Cheng D, Jia Y, Li Y, Yin Q, Gao J, Tang Y, Bai Q. Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Honey and Lactobacillus plantarum on Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Promotion of Healing in Infected Wounds. Pathogens. 2023; 12(3):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030501
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Mei, Hong Xiao, Yongmei Su, Danlin Cheng, Yan Jia, Yingli Li, Qi Yin, Jieying Gao, Yong Tang, and Qunhua Bai. 2023. "Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Honey and Lactobacillus plantarum on Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Promotion of Healing in Infected Wounds" Pathogens 12, no. 3: 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030501