Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Size
2.2. Collection of Faecal Samples
2.3. Examination of Different Organs
2.4. Egg Identification and Quantitative Faecal Examination
2.5. Determination of Economic Loss Due to Organs Condemnation
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Character | Variables | Examined | Positive | Prevalence | X2 Value | p-Value | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Cattle | 102 | 47 | 46.1 | 6.103 | 0.107 | 45.9286, 46.1914 |
Buffalo | 87 | 40 | 46.0 | 45.9646, 46.0220 | |||
Sheep | 95 | 33 | 34.7 | 33.446, 35.514 | |||
Goat | 100 | 52 | 52.0 | 51.8899, 52.1768 | |||
Sex | Male | 219 | 79 | 36.1 | 15.667 | 0.000 | 35.9292, 36.1841 |
Female | 165 | 93 | 56.4 | 55.706, 56.801 | |||
Age | Young | 141 | 52 | 36.9 | 4.598 | 0.032 | 35.317, 37.870 |
Adult | 243 | 117 | 48.1 | 47.8936, 48.2731 | |||
Months | January | 64 | 32 | 50.0 | 5.897 | 0.316 | 49.8899, 50.1768 |
February | 64 | 29 | 45.3 | 44.766, 45.641 | |||
March | 64 | 23 | 35.9 | 34.293, 36.934 | |||
April | 64 | 27 | 42.2 | 41.8606, 42.3328 | |||
May | 64 | 26 | 40.6 | 40.190, 41.297 | |||
June | 64 | 35 | 54.7 | 53.466, 55.460 | |||
* Parasitic burden | Light | 172 | 80 | 46.5 | 22.047 | 0.000 | 45.960, 47.380 |
Moderate | 172 | 52 | 30.2 | 29.8327, 30.4539 | |||
High | 172 | 40 | 23.3 | 22.8151, 23.4915 | |||
Number of parasites | One parasite | 172 | 112 | 65.1 | 154.692 | 0.000 | 64.9136, 65.2330 |
Two parasites | 172 | 46 | 26.7 | 26.4087, 27.2180 | |||
Three parasites | 172 | 14 | 8.1 | 7.9009, 8.2591 |
Organ | Animal | Mean Number of Ruminants Slaughtered (a) | Mean Cost (b) | Prevalence (c) | Annual Loss = a × b × c (in Pak Rs.) | in USD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Large ruminants | 10,680 | 1800 | 3.13 | 60,171,120 | 210,094.7 |
Small ruminants | 14,240 | 800 | 3.13 | 35,656,960 | 124,500.6 | |
Lung | Large ruminants | 10,680 | 450 | 1.3 | 6,247,800 | 21,814.9 |
Small ruminants | 14,240 | 200 | 2.34 | 6,664,320 | 23,269.3 | |
Rumen | Large ruminants | 10,680 | 700 | 2.6 | 19,437,600 | 67,868.7 |
Small ruminants | 14,240 | 300 | 1.3 | 5,553,600 | 19,391.1 | |
Total | 133,731,400 | 466,939.2 |
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Rizwan, H.M.; Zohaib, H.M.; Sajid, M.S.; Abbas, H.; Younus, M.; Farid, M.U.; Iftakhar, T.; Muzaffar, H.A.; Hassan, S.S.; Kamran, M.; et al. Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111291
Rizwan HM, Zohaib HM, Sajid MS, Abbas H, Younus M, Farid MU, Iftakhar T, Muzaffar HA, Hassan SS, Kamran M, et al. Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections. Pathogens. 2023; 12(11):1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111291
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizwan, Hafiz Muhammad, Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Haider Abbas, Muhammad Younus, Muhammad Umar Farid, Tahira Iftakhar, Hizqeel Ahmed Muzaffar, Syed Soban Hassan, Muhammad Kamran, and et al. 2023. "Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections" Pathogens 12, no. 11: 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111291
APA StyleRizwan, H. M., Zohaib, H. M., Sajid, M. S., Abbas, H., Younus, M., Farid, M. U., Iftakhar, T., Muzaffar, H. A., Hassan, S. S., Kamran, M., Raza, M. H., & Bajwa, M. H. (2023). Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections. Pathogens, 12(11), 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111291