Parasitic Infections in Internationally Adopted Children: A Twelve-Year Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Data Collection
- Gender, age, and region of origin;
- Serum vitamin D concentration;
- Haemoglobin serum level (g/L);
- Eosinophil blood cell count (cell/µL);
- Results of parasitic stool examination;
- Results of antigen assays for Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum on stool samples;
- Results from serological investigations for Toxocara canis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia solium, Trypanosoma cruzi, performed in children at high risk of infection, according to their area of origin.
4.3. Laboratory Investigations
4.4. Samples Collection
4.5. Coproparasitological Test
4.6. Serological Investigations
4.7. Definitions
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Population | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 1420 | 59.54 |
Female | 965 | 40.46 |
Region of origin | ||
Africa | 409 | 17.15 |
Latin America | 529 | 22.18 |
Asia | 492 | 20.63 |
Eastern Europe | 955 | 40.04 |
Age Group | ||
0–4 Years | 1006 | 42.18 |
5–9 Years | 1123 | 47.09 |
10–14 Years | 227 | 9.52 |
15–18 Years | 29 | 1.22 |
Vitamin D | ||
≤20 mg | 984 | 41.26 |
>20 mg | 993 | 41.64 |
Missing | 408 | 17.1 |
Anemia | ||
No | 1577 | 66.12 |
Yes | 185 | 7.76 |
Missing | 623 | 26.12 |
Eosinophil cell count | ||
<500 cell/µL | 1915 | 80.29 |
500–1000 cell/µL | 339 | 14.21 |
≥1000 cell/µL | 87 | 3.65 |
Missing | 44 | 1.84 |
Protozoa | Children (n) | % | Helminths | Children (n) | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giardia lamblia | 290 | 12.16 | Ascaris lumbricoides | 2 | 0.08 |
Entamoeba histolytica | 7 | 0.29 | Hymenolepis nana | 21 | 0.88 |
Entamoeba dispar | 2 | 0.08 | Ancylostoma duodenalis | 1 | 0.04 |
Cryptosporidium parvum | 1 | 0.04 | Enterobius vermicularis | 7 | 0.29 |
Blastocystis hominis | 76 | 3.19 | Strongyloides stercoralis | 12 | 0.5 |
Dientamoeba fragilis | 34 | 1.43 | Toxocara canis | 312 | 16.44 |
1–4 Years | 5–9 Years | 10–14 Years | 15–18 Years | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1006 | 1123 | 227 | 29 | 2385 | ||||||
Protozoa | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
Giardia lamblia | 142 | 14.12 | 133 | 11.84 | 14 | 6.17 | 1 | 3.45 | 290 | 12.16 |
Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 0.10 | 5 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 3.45 | 7 | 0.29 |
Entamoeba dispar | 1 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.08 |
Cryptosporidium parvum | 1 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.04 |
Blastocystis hominis | 10 | 0.99 | 50 | 4.45 | 16 | 7.05 | 0 | 0.00 | 76 | 3.19 |
Dientamoeba fragilis | 8 | 0.80 | 22 | 1.96 | 4 | 1.76 | 0 | 0.00 | 34 | 1.43 |
Helminths | ||||||||||
Ascaris lumbricoides | 2 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.08 |
Hymenolepis nana | 10 | 0.99 | 11 | 0.98 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 21 | 0.88 |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 2 | 0.20 | 10 | 0.89 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 12 | 0.50 |
Enterobius vermicularis | 2 | 0.20 | 5 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 7 | 0.29 |
Toxocara canis | 61 | 6.06 | 202 | 17.99 | 46 | 20.26 | 3 | 10.34 | 312 | 13.08 |
Ancylostoma duodenalis | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.04 |
Parasites According to Region of Origin | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | Latin America | Asia | Eastern Europe | Total | ||||||
n = 409 | n = 529 | n = 492 | n = 955 | n = 2385 | ||||||
Protozoa | n | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Giardia lamblia | 103 | 25.18 | 84 | 15.88 | 48 | 9.76 | 55 | 5.76 | 290 | 12.16 |
Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 0.24 | 1 | 0.19 | 2 | 0.41 | 3 | 0.31 | 7 | 0.29 |
Entamoeba dispar | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.20 | 1 | 0.10 | 2 | 0.08 |
Cryptosporidium parvum | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.04 |
Blastocystis hominis | 3 | 0.73 | 13 | 2.46 | 48 | 9.76 | 12 | 1.26 | 76 | 3.19 |
Dientamoeba fragilis | 0 | 0.00 | 7 | 1.32 | 7 | 1.42 | 20 | 2.09 | 34 | 1.43 |
Helminths | ||||||||||
Ascaris lumbricoides | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.08 |
Hymenolepis nana | 4 | 0.98 | 11 | 2.08 | 6 | 1.22 | 9 | 0.94 | 30 | 1.26 |
Strongyloides stercoralis | 5 | 1.22 | 1 | 0.19 | 6 | 1.22 | 0 | 0.00 | 12 | 0.50 |
Enterobius vermicularis | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.57 | 1 | 0.20 | 3 | 0.31 | 7 | 0.29 |
Toxocara canis | 22 | 5.38 | 108 | 20.42 | 39 | 7.93 | 143 | 14.97 | 312 | 13.08 |
Ancylostoma duodenalis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.04 |
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Chiappini, E.; Paba, T.; Bestetti, M.; Galli, L. Parasitic Infections in Internationally Adopted Children: A Twelve-Year Retrospective Study. Pathogens 2022, 11, 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030354
Chiappini E, Paba T, Bestetti M, Galli L. Parasitic Infections in Internationally Adopted Children: A Twelve-Year Retrospective Study. Pathogens. 2022; 11(3):354. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030354
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiappini, Elena, Teresa Paba, Matilde Bestetti, and Luisa Galli. 2022. "Parasitic Infections in Internationally Adopted Children: A Twelve-Year Retrospective Study" Pathogens 11, no. 3: 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030354