Drug Resistance to Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors among HIV-1-Infected Adults in Guangdong, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. Sample Collection, Viral Load Determination, and Genotyping
2.3. RNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sanger Sequencing
2.4. Genotype Identification and Genotypic Drug Resistance Analysis
2.5. Sequence Data and Gene Evolution Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Information of the Study Participants
3.2. DRMs Associated with INSTIs in ART-Naive and ART-Experienced Participants
3.3. DR Associated with INSTIs in ART-Naive and ART-Experienced Participants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Characteristics | All Patient | ART Naive Patient | ART Experienced Patient |
---|---|---|---|
Patient, number | 1208 | 404 | 804 |
Sex, number (%) | |||
Male | 990 (81.95) | 354 (87.62) | 636 (79.10) |
Female | 218 (18.05) | 50 (12.38) | 168 (20.90) |
Age, median (range) | 43 (16–87) | 33 (16–82) | 91 (19–87) |
HIV-1 RNA at DR test (Log10, IU/mL), number (%) | 4.15 (2.32–7.51) | 4.91 (2.88–7.51) | 4.05 (2.32–6.66) |
CD4 count at baseline (cells/µL), median(range) | 199 (1–1302) | 248 (1–1302) | 162 (1–940) |
HIV transmission route, number (%) | |||
MSM | 326 (26.99) | 188 (46.53) | 138 (17.16) |
Heterosexual | 713 (59.02) | 204 (50.5) | 509 (63.31) |
Intravenous drug users | 89 (7.37) | 7 (1.73) | 82 (10.20) |
SexIDU | 5 (0.41) | 1 (0.25) | 4 (0.50) |
Blood | 3 (0.25) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.37) |
Unknown | 72 (5.96) | 4 (0.99) | 68 (8.46) |
Geographical region, number (%) | |||
Pearl River Delta | 660 (54.64) | 289 (71.53) | 371 (46.14) |
Eastern | 72 (5.96) | 19 (4.70) | 53 (6.59) |
Western | 308 (25.50) | 36 (8.91) | 272 (33.83) |
Northern | 168 (13.91) | 60 (14.85) | 108 (13.43) |
Collection year, number (%) | |||
2021 | 616 (50.99) | 66 (16.34) | 550 (68.41) |
2022 | 592 (49.01) | 338 (83.66) | 254 (31.59) |
Confirm year, number (%) | |||
Before 2019 | 532 (44.04) | 24 (5.94) | 508 (63.18) |
2019 | 106 (8.77) | 3 (0.74) | 103 (12.81) |
2020 | 121 (10.02) | 8 (1.98) | 82 (10.20) |
2021 | 189 (15.65) | 109 (26.98) | 111 (13.81) |
2022 | 260 (21.52) | 260 (64.36) | 0 (0.00) |
ART history (months), median (range) | - | - | 41.02 (1–206) |
HIV-1 genotypes based on PR/RT sequences, number (%) | |||
CRF01_AE | 493 (40.81) | 124 (30.69) | 369 (45.90) |
CRF07_BC | 346 (28.64) | 157 (38.86) | 189 (23.51) |
CRF08_BC | 78 (6.46) | 19 (4.70) | 59 (7.34) |
CRF55_01B | 132 (10.93) | 45 (11.14) | 87 (10.82) |
CRF59_01B | 25 (2.07) | 7 (1.73) | 18 (2.24) |
Subtype B | 30 (2.48) | 8 (1.98) | 22 (2.74) |
Other | 104 (8.61) | 44 (10.89) | 60 (7.46) |
IN mutation, number (%) | 32 (2.65) | 6 (1.49) | 26 (3.23) |
IN Drug Resistance, number (%) | 7 (0.58) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (0.87) |
Sample ID | Group 1 | Geographical Region | Sex | Age | Transmission Route | Genotype | IN DRM | IN DR 2 | Ever Used Regimen Containing Integrase | Other Class DRMs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major | Accessory | BIC | CAB | DTG | EVG | RAL | |||||||||
220111 | Naive | PRD | Female | 33 | HET | 08_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
220281 | Naive | PRD | Female | 49 | HET | 08_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZLQ08251 | Naive | Northern | Female | 37 | HET | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZLQ08265 | Naive | Northern | Male | 23 | MSM | 01_AE | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZLQ08266 | Naive | Northern | Male | 55 | MSM | 59_01B | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZLQ08269 | Naive | Northern | Male | 51 | HET | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
FX25834 | ART | PRD | Male | 58 | HET | Other | E138K, G140A, S147G, Q148R | - | H | H | H | H | H | Yes/RAL | Yes |
FX26041 | ART | PRD | Male | 39 | HET | 01_AE | - | H51Y | P | L | P | L | L | Yes/BIC | No |
ZK01926 | ART | PRD | Male | 73 | HET | 01_AE | T66I, E92Q | - | L | L | L | H | M | Yes/EVG | Yes |
ZK02467 | ART | PRD | Male | 32 | MSM | 01_AE | G118R, E138K | Q146V | M | H | H | H | H | Yes/DTG | Yes |
FX25322 | ART | PRD | Female | 42 | HET | 07_BC | - | A128T | S | S | S | S | S | No | No |
FX26691 | ART | PRD | Male | 39 | MSM | 01_AE | - | G149A | S | S | S | S | S | No | No |
ZK01777 | ART | Western | Male | 59 | Blood | 01_AE | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZK01784 | ART | Western | Male | 61 | HET | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK01822 | ART | Western | Male | 79 | HET | Other | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK01839 | ART | Western | Male | 78 | HET | Other | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK01936 | ART | PRD | Female | 41 | HET | 07_BC | - | A128T | S | S | S | S | S | No | No |
ZK02078 | ART | Western | Male | 35 | IDU | 07_BC | - | A128T | S | S | S | S | S | No | No |
ZK02106 | ART | Eastern | Male | 29 | MSM | 55_01B | Q148R | - | L | M | L | H | H | No | Yes |
ZK02277 | ART | Northern | Male | 73 | HET | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK02406 | ART | Western | Female | 71 | HET | 01_AE | - | G163R | S | S | S | L | L | No | Yes |
ZK02501 | ART | Eastern | Female | 27 | HET | 01_AE | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZK02503 | ART | Eastern | Male | 46 | HET | 55_01B | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK02513 | ART | Western | Male | 71 | HET | 07_BC | - | A128T | S | S | S | S | S | No | Yes |
ZK02543 | ART | Western | Male | 52 | IDU | 07_BC | - | G163R | S | S | S | L | L | No | Yes |
ZK02548 | ART | Western | Male | 36 | IDU | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK02590 | ART | Northern | Male | 45 | IDU | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
ZK02723 | ART | PRD | Male | 40 | HET | 08_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | Yes |
ZK02810 | ART | PRD | Male | 54 | IDU | 07_BC | - | A128T | S | S | S | S | S | No | Yes |
ZK02853 | ART | PRD | Male | 46 | IDU | 07_BC | - | A128T | S | S | S | S | S | No | No |
ZK02870 | ART | Western | Male | 70 | HET | 08_BC | - | Q146R | S | S | S | S | S | No | Yes |
ZK02877 | ART | Western | Male | 52 | HET | 07_BC | - | E157Q | S | S | S | P | P | No | No |
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Lan, Y.; Li, L.; Xin, R.; Ling, X.; Deng, X.; Li, J.; Li, L.; Cai, W.; Li, F.; Hu, F. Drug Resistance to Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors among HIV-1-Infected Adults in Guangdong, China. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111321
Lan Y, Li L, Xin R, Ling X, Deng X, Li J, Li L, Cai W, Li F, Hu F. Drug Resistance to Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors among HIV-1-Infected Adults in Guangdong, China. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111321
Chicago/Turabian StyleLan, Yun, Linghua Li, Ruolei Xin, Xuemei Ling, Xizi Deng, Junbin Li, Liya Li, Weiping Cai, Feng Li, and Fengyu Hu. 2022. "Drug Resistance to Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors among HIV-1-Infected Adults in Guangdong, China" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111321