Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA in Raw Milk of Various Ruminants in Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Detection of Anti-N. caninum and Anti-T. gondii Antibodies in Milk
2.3. DNA Extraction and Preparation
2.4. PCR Application and Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis and Risk Factor Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii Antibodies in Bulk and Individual Milk Samples and Detection of DNA
3.2. Risk Factor Assessment for N. caninum and T. gondii Infection Using Individual Milk Samples
3.3. Comparison of Antibody Responses to N. caninum and T. gondii in Individual and Bulk Milk Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Species | Breed | Region | Management * | Sampling Place ** | Testing of Individual Samples (Number) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk 1 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Qena | Large farm | Farm | Yes (34) |
Bulk 2 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Qena | Large farm | Shop | No |
Bulk 3 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Qena | Small farm | Farm | Yes (12) |
Bulk 4 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Qena | Small farm | Shop | No |
Bulk 5 | Cattle | Native | Qena | Small holder | Shop | No |
Bulk 6 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Qena | Large farm | Shop | No |
Bulk 7 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Sohag | Large farm | Farm | Yes (70) |
Bulk 8 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Cairo | Small farm | Shop | No |
Bulk 9 | Cattle | Holstein Friesian | Cairo | Small farm | Shop | No |
Bulk 10 | Cattle | Native | Dakahlia | Small holder | Farm | Yes (10) |
Bulk 11 | Buffalo | Native | Dakahlia | Small holder | Farm | Yes (16) |
Bulk 12 | Sheep | Native | Dakahlia | Small holder | Farm | Yes (18) |
Bulk 13 | Goat | Native | Dakahlia | Small holder | Farm | Yes (11) |
Target Gene | Primers Sequences | Amplified Segment (bp *) | Primary Denaturation (94 °C) | Amplification (35 Cycles) | Final Extension (72 °C) | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary Denaturation (94 °C) | Annealing | Extension (72 °C) | ||||||
Toxoplasma gondii B1 | 5′-GGAACTGCATCCGTTCATGAG-3′ | 196 | 5 min | 30 s | 60 °C 30 s | 30 s | 7 min | [41] |
5′-TCT TTA AAG CGT TCG TGG TC-3′ | ||||||||
Neospora caninum Nc5 | 5′-CCCAGTGCGTCCAATCCTGTAAC-3′ | 337 | 5 min | 30 s | 63 °C 40 s | 40 s | 10 min | [42] |
5′-CTCGCCAGTCAACCTACGTCTTCT-3′ |
Group | Species | Neospora caninum | Toxoplasma gondii | Co-Infection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample to Negative Ratio (S/N%) | Interpretation | PCR Result | Sample to Positive Ratio (S/P%) | Interpretation | PCR Result | Interpretation | ||
Bulk 1 (Qena) | Cattle | 6.7 | pos. | pos. | 22 | neg. | neg. | neg. |
Bulk 2 (Qena) | Cattle | 6.5 | pos. | ND | 12.4 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 3 (Qena) | Cattle | 58.4 | neg. | ND | 12.5 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 4 (Qena) | Cattle | 82.8 | neg. | ND | 13.6 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 5 (Qena) | Cattle | 77.6 | neg. | ND | 14 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 6 (Qena) | Cattle | 51.4 | neg. | ND | 10 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 7 (Sohag) | Cattle | 39.8 | pos. | neg. | 12.2 | neg. | neg. | neg. |
Bulk 8 (Cairo) | Cattle | 63.7 | neg. | ND | 13.1 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 9 (Cairo) | Cattle | 61.1 | neg. | ND | 14.2 | neg. | ND | neg. |
Bulk 10 (Dakahlia) | Cattle | 75.1 | neg. | neg. | 5.4 | neg. | pos. | neg. |
Bulk 11 (Dakahlia) | Buffalo | 59.8 | neg. | neg. | 10.2 | neg. | neg. | neg. |
Bulk 12 (Dakahlia) | Sheep | 44.9 | pos. | neg. | 60.7 | pos. | pos. | pos. |
Bulk 13 (Dakahlia) | Goat | 18.6 | pos. | neg. | 94 | pos. | pos. | pos. |
Prevalence | 5/13 (38.5%) | 1/6 (16.7%) | 2/13 (15.4%) | 3/6 (50%) | 2/13 (15.4%) |
Animal Species | No. of Tested | N. caninum | T. gondii | Co-Infection | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Negative (%) | No. of Positive (%) | 95% CI * | No. of Negative (%) | No. of Positive (%) | 95% CI * | No. of Negative (%) | No. of Positive (%) | 95% CI * | ||
Cattle | 126 | 93 (73.8) | 33 (26.2) | 18.9–34.9 | 123 | 3 (2.4) | 0.6–7.3 | 124 (98.4) | 2 (1.6) | 0.3–6.2 |
Buffalo | 16 | 13 (81.2) | 3 (18.8) | 5–46.3 | 16 (100) | 0 | 0–24.1 | 16 (100) | 0 | 0–24.1 |
Sheep | 18 | 12 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | 14.3–58.8 | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | 41.2–85.6 | 15 (83.3) | 3 (16.7) | 4.4–42.3 |
Goat | 11 | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 3.2–52.2 | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | 47.8–96.8 | 10 (90.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.5–42.9 |
Total | 171 | 127 (74.3) | 44 (25.7) | 19.5–33.1 | 147 (86) | 24 (14) | 9.4–20.4 | 164 (95.9) | 6 (3.5) | 1.4–7.8 |
Analyzed Factor | No. of Tested | No. of Negative (%) | No. of Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) # | Fisher Test x |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region * | |||||
Qena | 46 | 37 (80.4) | 9 (19.6) | Ref | Ref |
Sohag | 70 | 48 (68.6) | 22 (31.4) | 0.49 (0.2–1.2) | 0.19 |
Dakahlia | 10 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | 0.97 (0.18–5.4) | 1 |
Animal species | |||||
Cattle | 126 | 93 (73.8) | 33 (26.2) | 0.62 (0.13–3.1) | 0.73 |
Buffalo | 16 | 13 (81.3) | 3 (18.7) | 0.96 (0.13–7) | 1 |
Sheep | 18 | 12 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | 0.44 (0.07–2.7) | 0.67 |
Goat | 11 | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | Ref | Ref |
Breed * | |||||
Native | 10 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | Ref | Ref |
Holstein Friesian | 116 | 85 (73.3) | 31 (26.7) | 0.69 (0.14–3.4) | 0.73 |
Management system * | |||||
Small holder | 10 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | Ref | Ref |
Farm (Small or large) | 116 | 85 (73.3) | 31 (26.7) | 0.69 (0.14–3.4) | 0.73 |
Analyzed Factor | No. of Tested | No. of Negative (%) | No. of Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) # | Fisher Test x |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region * | |||||
Qena | 46 | 46 (100) | 0 | 4.8 (0.24–95.6) | 0.27 |
Sohag | 70 | 67 (95.7) | 3 (4.3) | Ref | Ref |
Dakahlia | 10 | 10 (100) | 0 | 1.1 (0.05–22.6) | 1 |
Animal species ** | |||||
Cattle | 126 | 123 (97.6) | 3 (2.4) | 82 (18.2–370.2) | <0.0001 |
Buffalo | 16 | 16 (100) | 0 | 63.5 (3.3–1236) | <0.0001 |
Sheep | 18 | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | Ref | Ref |
Goat | 11 | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | 0.4 (0.07–2.7) | 0.67 |
Breed * | |||||
Native | 10 | 10 (100) | 0 | 0.65 (0.03–13.4) | 1 |
Holstein Friesian | 116 | 113 (97.4) | 3 (2.6) | Ref | Ref |
Management system * | |||||
Small holder | 10 | 10 (100) | 0 | 0.65 (0.03–13.4) | 1 |
Farm (Small or large) | 116 | 113 (97.4) | 3 (2.6) | Ref | Ref |
Group | Species | Number of Individual Samples Tested | Neospora caninum | Toxoplasma gondii | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result of Bulk Milk | Positive Individual Samples (%) | Result of Bulk Milk | Positive Individual Samples (%) | |||
Bulk 1 | Cattle | 34 | pos. | 9 (26.5) | neg. | 0 |
Bulk 3 | Cattle | 12 | neg. | 0 | neg. | 0 |
Bulk 7 | Cattle | 70 | pos. | 22 (31.4) | neg. | 3 (4.3) |
Bulk 10 | Cattle | 10 | neg. | 2 (20) | neg. | 0 |
Bulk 11 | Buffalo | 16 | neg. | 3 (18.8) | neg. | 0 |
Bulk 12 | Sheep | 18 | pos. | 6 (33.3) | pos. | 12 (66.7) |
Bulk 13 | Goat | 11 | pos. | 2 (18.2) | pos. | 9 (81.8) |
Total | 171 | 44 (25.7) | 24 (14.0) |
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Fereig, R.M.; Abdelbaky, H.H.; Mazeed, A.M.; El-Alfy, E.-S.; Saleh, S.; Omar, M.A.; Alsayeqh, A.F.; Frey, C.F. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA in Raw Milk of Various Ruminants in Egypt. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111305
Fereig RM, Abdelbaky HH, Mazeed AM, El-Alfy E-S, Saleh S, Omar MA, Alsayeqh AF, Frey CF. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA in Raw Milk of Various Ruminants in Egypt. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111305
Chicago/Turabian StyleFereig, Ragab M., Hanan H. Abdelbaky, Amira M. Mazeed, El-Sayed El-Alfy, Somaya Saleh, Mosaab A. Omar, Abdullah F. Alsayeqh, and Caroline F. Frey. 2022. "Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA in Raw Milk of Various Ruminants in Egypt" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111305