Infection with a Recently Discovered Gammaherpesvirus Variant in European Badgers, Meles meles, is Associated with Higher Relative Viral Loads in Blood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- acquire longer sequences of the MusGHV-1 DNA polymerase gene to investigate for additional mutations/genetic differences between the two variants;
- (2)
- establish the relative prevalence of the two MusGHV-1 variants within the population, investigate the rate of coinfection, and whether potential differences in variant prevalence are associated with demographic (i.e., host sex and age) and/or socio-geographic (i.e., badger sett and social group) patterns;
- (3)
- analyse potential differences in viral loads in blood samples between individuals infected with each or both MusGHV-1 variants.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Sampling
2.2. Genotyping of MusGHV-1 DNA
2.3. MusGHV-1 DNA Polymerase Gene Mapping and Phylogenic Analysis
2.4. Geographic Distribution of MusGHV-1 Strains and Social Group-Specific Prevalence
2.5. Blood Viral Load Quantification
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Substitutions in the DNApol Gene of the Two MusGHV-1 Variants
3.2. Phylogenetic Relationships between the Two MusGHV-1 Variants and Other Gammaherpesvirus Species
3.3. Novel MusGHV-1 Variant Infections Were Clustered within Just Three Social Groups
3.4. The MusGHV-1 Novel Variant Was Associated with Higher Viral Load in the Blood Stream
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Start Position | End Position | Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | Product Length | |
---|---|---|---|---|
pol5-F | 3 | 22 | GGCAGGGAATTTTTATAACC | 699 |
pol5-R | 681 | 701 | CCACCCAAAAGTAGAAAATCC | |
pol6-F | 345 | 364 | CCCCTCTGGAACTGTGCTAA | 637 |
pol6-R | 962 | 981 | AGGGTCACATGTCCCCAAAT | |
pol7-F | 863 | 846 | ATGTCTGGGGGAAAATGG | 486 |
pol7-R | 1329 | 1348 | GACCTCCTATGCACTGCTTG | |
pol10-F | 1185 | 1204 | TGAAGTTCACACACCCCAGA | 361 |
pol10-R | 1524 | 1545 | TCCATCGGTCAGCACTCTC | |
pol3-F | 1328 | 1347 | CCAAGCAGTGCATAGGAGGT | 771 |
pol3-R | 2072 | 2098 | TGGACTTCTCCAACATGCGTCGCCCTT | |
pol11-F | 1684 | 1703 | CCGATCTTGGTGGTTGATTT | 627 |
pol11-R | 2291 | 2310 | CTTAATTGGCTCCTCGAACA | |
pol12-F | 2015 | 2034 | CAGGTGTGTCCTCGGGTATT | 561 |
pol12-R | 2556 | 2575 | TCACTTTGAAAAGTGGAAGTGG | |
pol9-F | 2393 | 2412 | TGATGAAGGGAGTGGATCTC | 597 |
pol9-R | 2936 | 2989 | TCACAGCTTTGTCTGCACTG |
Tattoo Number | Sex | Age | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1012 | Male | 13 | v | ||
1045x | Female | 13 | v | v | |
1232 | Female | 10 | v | v | |
1234x | Female | 10 | v | v | |
1283 | Male | 9 | v | v | |
1330 | Male | 8 | v | ||
1379 | Male | >8 * | v | v | |
1435 | Female | 6 | v | v | |
1478 | Female | 5 | v | ||
1487 | Male | 7 | v | v | |
1520 | Female | 4 | v | v | |
1622 | Male | 3 | v | v | |
1694 | Female | 2 | v | v | |
1699 | Male | 1 | v | v | |
1735 | Male | 0 | v | ||
1746 | Male | 0 | v | ||
1749 | Female | 0 | v | ||
1750 | Female | 0 | v | v | |
1751 | Female | 0 | v | v | v |
1753 | Female | 0 | v | ||
1754 | Male | 0 | v | ||
1755 | Male | 0 | v | v | v |
1778 | Male | 0 | v | ||
1785 | Female | 0 | v |
Position | Reference (AF275657 a) | Common Variant | Novel Variant | Conserved Protein Domain Family b | In Conserved Region c | In Conserved Region within Host Order d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
253 | P | L | L | 3′-5′ exonuclease Exo I | Yes | Yes |
274 | N | Y | Y | 3′-5′ exonuclease Exo I | Yes | Yes |
591 | K | K | R | Polymerase | No | No |
649 | N | N | K | Polymerase | No | Yes |
819 | E | E | G | Polymerase | No | No |
872 | T | T | N | Polymerase | No | No |
889 | S | S | L | Polymerase | No | Yes |
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | df | t Value | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 34.855 | 0.464 | 28.794 | 75.072 | ||
Genotype | ||||||
Common | (Reference) | |||||
Novel | −1.815 | 0.547 | 19.447 | −3.316 | 0.004 | |
Coinfection | −0.346 | 0.834 | 32.885 | −0.415 | 0.681 | |
Age Group | ||||||
Adult | (Reference) | |||||
Juvenile | −3.030 | 0.543 | 18.615 | −5.583 | <0.001 | |
Season | ||||||
Spring | (Reference) | |||||
Summer | −1.379 | 0.453 | 23.179 | −3.045 | 0.006 | |
Autumn | 0.012 | 0.416 | 17.381 | 0.028 | 0.978 |
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Tsai, M.-s.; François, S.; Newman, C.; Macdonald, D.W.; Buesching, C.D. Infection with a Recently Discovered Gammaherpesvirus Variant in European Badgers, Meles meles, is Associated with Higher Relative Viral Loads in Blood. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101154
Tsai M-s, François S, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Buesching CD. Infection with a Recently Discovered Gammaherpesvirus Variant in European Badgers, Meles meles, is Associated with Higher Relative Viral Loads in Blood. Pathogens. 2022; 11(10):1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101154
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Ming-shan, Sarah François, Chris Newman, David W. Macdonald, and Christina D. Buesching. 2022. "Infection with a Recently Discovered Gammaherpesvirus Variant in European Badgers, Meles meles, is Associated with Higher Relative Viral Loads in Blood" Pathogens 11, no. 10: 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101154