Micronutrients Affect Expression of Induced Resistance Genes in Hydroponically Grown Watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Meloidogyne incognita
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Mineral Content in Nutrient Solutions
2.2. Change in Micronutrient Level Influences the Expression of SA- and JA-Genes in Watermelon Seedlings
2.3. Differential Expression of SA- and JA-Genes in Fe-Treated Plants Inoculated with FON, RKN, or Both
2.4. Differential Expression of SA- and JA-Genes in Mn-Treated Plants Inoculated with FON, RKN, or Both
2.5. Differential Expression of SA- and JA-Genes in Zn-Treated Plants Inoculated with FON, RKN, or Both
2.6. FON Recovery and RKN Gall Rating
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Inoculum of FON and RKN
4.2. Hydroponics Set-Up under Greenhouse Conditions
4.3. Mineral Analysis
4.4. Relative Expression of SA- and JA-Genes in Watermelon Seedlings Grown in Specific Micronutrient Solutions
4.5. Relative Expression of SA- and JA-Genes in Watermelon Seedlings, Grown in Specific Micronutrient Solutions and Inoculated with FON, RKN, or Both
4.6. FON Recovery and RKN Gall Rating
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Micronutrient Treatments | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | B | Cu | Mo | Fe | Mn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steiner a | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3 | 1 | 0.4 |
High Fe | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 9 | 1 | 0.4 |
Low Fe | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.4 |
High Mn | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3 | 3 | 0.4 |
Low Mn | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
High Zn | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3 | 1 | 1.2 |
Low Zn | 256 | 48 | 304 | 180 | 48 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3 | 1 | 0.2 |
Micronutrient | Micronutrient Treatment | Day 0 (ppm; Applied) | Day 7 (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|
Fe | High Fe | 9.0 a1 | 9.28 ± 0.29 a |
Steiner | 3.0 b | 2.35 ± 0.33 b | |
Low Fe | 1.5 c | 1.40 ± 0.05 c | |
Mn | High Mn | 3.0 a | 2.25 ± 0.12 a |
Steiner | 1.0 b | 0.57 ± 0.08 b | |
Low Mn | 0.5 c | 0.29 ± 0.03 c | |
Zn | High Zn | 1.2 a | 1.03 ± 0.05 a |
Steiner | 0.4 b | 0.43 ± 0.08 b | |
Low Zn | 0.2 c | 0.34 ± 0.07 b |
Genes | Forward Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | Reverse Primer Sequence (3′-5′) | Comments | PCR Conditions |
---|---|---|---|---|
NPR1 | CGCTGCCGATATGCATGTGA | GTCAACCTTCAGCAAGTTGCCA | This study | 95 °C for 2 min; 35 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s, 62 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 60 s; and final extension of 72 °C for 6 min |
PR1 | GACTCGCCTCAAGACTTTGT | GATGCGTTGGTTGGCATATTG | [66] | 95 °C for 3 min; 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s; and final extension of 72 °C for 6 min |
PR5 | CCTGGAGCGTCAAAGTCATTTA | CTCCAGTTAAGCAGGTGATACG | [66] | same as above |
LOX | TCTCAACTGTGCTCCCATTC | GGAAGCAGTGGCTTTGAATTAC | This study | same as above |
GCGAAGGTGTGCGAGAA | CATGGCAAGCTCCATGTTTG | This study | same as above | |
VSP | ACCAAGGGAAGTCAGCAATAC | CCGAAACTGACGTACCCAATAA | This study | same as above |
ß-Actin | CCATGTATGTGCCATCCAG | GGATAGCATGGGGTAGAGCA | [67] | [67] |
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Karki, K.; Negi, V.S.; Coolong, T.; Petkar, A.; Mandal, M.; Kousik, C.; Gitaitis, R.; Hajihassani, A.; Dutta, B. Micronutrients Affect Expression of Induced Resistance Genes in Hydroponically Grown Watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Meloidogyne incognita. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101136
Karki K, Negi VS, Coolong T, Petkar A, Mandal M, Kousik C, Gitaitis R, Hajihassani A, Dutta B. Micronutrients Affect Expression of Induced Resistance Genes in Hydroponically Grown Watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Meloidogyne incognita. Pathogens. 2022; 11(10):1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101136
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarki, Kasmita, Vishal Singh Negi, Tim Coolong, Aparna Petkar, Mihir Mandal, Chandrasekar Kousik, Ron Gitaitis, Abolfazl Hajihassani, and Bhabesh Dutta. 2022. "Micronutrients Affect Expression of Induced Resistance Genes in Hydroponically Grown Watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Meloidogyne incognita" Pathogens 11, no. 10: 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101136