Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. CPV-2 Confirmed Infections in Diarrheic Dogs
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Predictive Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) of Canine CPV-2 Cases
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Study Design
4.3. Viral DNA Extraction
4.4. Molecular Detection of CPV-2
4.5. Statistical Analysis
4.6. Environmental Variables
4.7. Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM)
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Categories | Number of Dogs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | CPV-2 Positive | CPV-2 Negative | ||
Gender | Male | 66 | 40 | 26 |
Female | 50 | 28 | 22 | |
Age * | <1 years old | 48 | 33 | 15 |
≥1 and <9 years old | 54 | 31 | 23 | |
≥9 years old | 14 | 4 | 10 | |
Utility * | Pet | 67 | 35 | 32 |
Working dog | 18 | 17 | 1 | |
Stray dog | 31 | 16 | 15 | |
Living environment | Indoors | 13 | 6 | 7 |
Outdoors | 73 | 45 | 28 | |
Both | 30 | 17 | 13 | |
Contact | Dog | 31 | 20 | 11 |
Cat | 33 | 19 | 14 | |
Other animal species | 52 | 29 | 23 | |
Abdominal palpation | Normal findings | 105 | 64 | 41 |
Abnormal findings | 11 | 4 | 7 | |
Anorexia | Presence | 22 | 12 | 10 |
Absence | 94 | 56 | 38 | |
Hemorrhagic diarrhea | Presence | 80 | 50 | 30 |
Absence | 36 | 18 | 18 | |
Body Temperature | Within reference interval | 78 | 43 | 35 |
Fever | 27 | 18 | 9 | |
Hypothermia | 11 | 7 | 4 | |
Vomiting | Presence | 35 | 20 | 15 |
Absence | 81 | 48 | 33 |
Environmental Variable | Code | Percent Contribution | Permutation Importance |
---|---|---|---|
Livestock density | goatsden | 50.9 | 76.3 |
Human population density | popden | 27.6 | 1.5 |
Land uses | landcorine | 12.8 | 3.7 |
June NDVI 1 | junendvi | 2.6 | 3.8 |
Distance from small ruminant farms | farmsdis | 1.8 | 0 |
Altitude | dem | 1.3 | 0.3 |
Annual mean temperature | clima1 | 1.3 | 11 |
Total annual precipitation | clima12 | 0.8 | 2.9 |
Distance from water collections | waterdis | 0.5 | 0.2 |
Code | Environmental Variable |
---|---|
clima1 | Annual mean temperature (°C) |
clima2 | Mean diurnal temperature range (°C) |
clima3 | Isothermality (clima2/clima7 × 100) |
clima4 | Temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) |
clima5 | Maximum temperature of warmest month (°C) |
clima6 | Minimum temperature of coldest month (°C) |
clima7 | Temperature annual range (°C) |
clima8 | Mean temperature of wettest quarter (°C) |
clima9 | Mean temperature of driest quarter (°C) |
clima10 | Mean temperature of warmest quarter (°C) |
clima11 | Mean temperature of coldest quarter (°C) |
clima12 | Total annual precipitation (mm) |
clima13 | Total precipitation of wettest month (mm) |
clima14 | Total precipitation of driest month (mm) |
clima15 | Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) |
clima16 | Total precipitation of wettest quarter (mm) |
clima17 | Total precipitation of driest quarter (mm) |
clima18 | Total precipitation of warmest quarter (mm) |
clima19 | Total precipitation of coldest quarter (mm) |
wind2 | Annual mean wind speed (m s−1) |
dem | Altitude (m) |
waterdis | Distance from water collections (m) |
farmsdis | Distance from small ruminant farms (m) |
goatsden | Sheep, goat and cattle density (animals km−2) |
landcorine | Land use (principal) |
aprndvi | April NDVI 1 |
mayndvi | May NDVI |
junendvi | June NDVI |
julyndvi | July NDVI |
augndvi | August NDVI |
sepndvi | September NDVI |
octndvi | October NDVI |
novndvi | November NDVI |
popden | Human population density (people km−2) |
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Kantere, M.; Athanasiou, L.V.; Giannakopoulos, A.; Skampardonis, V.; Sofia, M.; Valiakos, G.; Athanasakopoulou, Z.; Touloudi, A.; Chatzopoulos, D.C.; Spyrou, V.; et al. Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece. Pathogens 2021, 10, 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050590
Kantere M, Athanasiou LV, Giannakopoulos A, Skampardonis V, Sofia M, Valiakos G, Athanasakopoulou Z, Touloudi A, Chatzopoulos DC, Spyrou V, et al. Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece. Pathogens. 2021; 10(5):590. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050590
Chicago/Turabian StyleKantere, Maria, Labrini V. Athanasiou, Alexios Giannakopoulos, Vassilis Skampardonis, Marina Sofia, George Valiakos, Zoi Athanasakopoulou, Antonia Touloudi, Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos, Vassiliki Spyrou, and et al. 2021. "Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece" Pathogens 10, no. 5: 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050590
APA StyleKantere, M., Athanasiou, L. V., Giannakopoulos, A., Skampardonis, V., Sofia, M., Valiakos, G., Athanasakopoulou, Z., Touloudi, A., Chatzopoulos, D. C., Spyrou, V., & Billinis, C. (2021). Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece. Pathogens, 10(5), 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050590