New Insights into Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasitofauna of Wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Harz Mountains of Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Endoparasite Diversity and Prevalences
2.2. Molecular Analyses
2.2.1. Protozoa
2.2.2. Nematodes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Sampling Collection
4.2. Coprological Analyses
4.2.1. Microscopical Analyses
4.2.2. Coproantigen-ELISAs
4.2.3. Molecular Analyses
Protozoa
Nematodes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parasite | Country * | Prevalence Range in % | Prevalence Current Study in % (95%CI) | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nematodes | ||||
Toxocara cati/Toxocara sp. ** | P, B, L, F, E, G, Swi | 14.7–81.8 | 45.8 (25.9–65.7) | [8,9,11,12,13,14,16] |
Toxascaris leonina ** | B, Swi, G | 1.7–9.1 | 4.2 (0–12.2) | [8,14] |
Ancylostoma tubaeforme/Uncinaria spp. ** | P, B, F, Swi, G | 0.6–18.2 | 12.5 (0–25.7) | [8,12,13,14] |
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus ** | P, Swi, G | 8.6–21.1 | 4.2 (0–12.2) | [8,20] |
Troglostrongylus brevior | L | x | 0.0 (0) | [25] |
Crenosoma vismani | L | x | 0.0 (0) | [22] |
Angiostrongylus spp.-like larvae ** | G | - | 4.2 (0–12.2) | Current study |
Metastrongylus sp. | P | 1 | 0.0 (0) | [12] |
Protostrongylus pulmonalis ** | G | - | 4.2 (0–12.2) | Current study |
Capillaria aerophilus/Capillaria sp. ** | F, Swi, E, G, L, P | 5–45.7 | 8.3 (0–19.3) | [8,9,11,12,13] |
Trichuris sp. | Swi | 8.6 | 0.0 (0) | [8] |
Capillaria felis-cati | L | 4 | not determined | [9] |
Nematoda sp. | L | 3.1 | not determined | [9] |
Nematodirus sp. | P, Swi | 1–1.7 | 0.0 (0) | [8,12] |
Trichinella sp. | L, Swi, E | 29.6–46.4 | not determined | [8,9,11] |
Trichinella nativa | L, E | 3–20 | not determined | [15,26] |
Trichinella britovi | B, E, L, Swi, Sl | 27.3–97 | not determined | [14,15,18,26,27] |
Trichinella spiralis | E | 4.4 | not determined | [15] |
Cylicospirura spp. ** | G | - | 12.5 (0–25.7) | Current study |
Cestodes | ||||
Dibothriocephalus latus/Diphyllobothriidae ** | P, F, E, G | 3–5.4 | 4.2 (0–12.2) | [11,12,13] |
Taenia sp. | P, F, Swi | 5.2–28 | 0.0 (0) | [8,12,13] |
Taenia pisiformis | L, E | 100 | not determined | [9,11] |
Taenia laticollis | E | 40.5 | not determined | [11] |
Taenia lynciscapreoli | B | 72.7 | not determined | [14] |
Taenia krabbei | B | 45.5 | not determined | [14] |
Taenia taeniaeformis | E | 2.7 | not determined | [11] |
Taenia hydatigena | E | 2.7 | not determined | [11] |
Mesocestoides sp. | F | 0.3 | 0.0 (0) | [13] |
Mesocestoides lineatus | B | 9.1 | not determined | [14] |
Mesocestoides litteratus | P | x | not determined | [28] |
Spirometra spp. | B | 9.1 | 0.0 (0) | [14] |
Spirometra janickii | P | 40 | not determined | [12] |
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | F | x | not determined | [10] |
Trematodes | ||||
Alaria alata | P, F | 1.7–6 | not determined | [12,19] |
Heterophyidae ** | G | - | 8.3 (0–19.3) | Current study |
Protozoa | ||||
Cystoisospora rivolta/C. felis ** | P, F, G | 0.6–14.7 | 25 (7.7–42.3) | [13,16] |
coccidia | Swi | 12.1 | [8] | |
Toxoplasma gondii | F, Swe | 75.4–86.1 ° | not determined | [17,29] |
Toxoplasma/Hammodia spp. ** | G | - | 4.2 (0–12.2) | Current study |
Giardia intestinalis ** | G | - | 16.7 (1.8–31.6) | Current study |
Cryptosporidium spp. ** | G | - | 8.3 (0–19.3) | Current study |
Sarcocystis spp. ** | G | - | 29.2 (11–47.4) | Current study |
Primer | Probe | Orientation | Sequence 5′…3′, (Modifications) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gd-80F | Forward | GACGGCTCAGGACAACGGTT | [82] | |
Gd-127R | Reverse | TTGCCAGCGGTGTCCG | [82] | |
Gd-FT | (FAM)-CCCGCGGCGGTCCCTGCTAG-(DDQ1) | [82] | ||
Cp-583F | Forward | CAAATTGATACCGTTTGTCCTTCTG | [82] | |
Cp-733R | Reverse | GGCATGTCGATTCTAATTCAGCT | [82] | |
Cp-TRT | (Texas Red)-TGCCATACATTGTTGTCCTGACAAATTGAAT-(DDQ2) | [82] | ||
Tcanis-F | Forward | CAAATTGATACCGTTTGTCCTTCTG | [84] | |
Tcati-F | Forward | GCGCCAATTTATGGAATGTGAT | [84] | |
TCC-R | Reverse | GAGCAAACGACAGCSATTTCTT | [84] | |
Tcanis-S | (FAM)-CCATTACCACACCAGCATAGCTCACCGA-(BHQ1) | [84] | ||
Tcati-S | (Cy5)-TCTTTCGCAACGTGCATTCGGTGA-(BHQ3) | [84] | ||
SarcoFext | Forward | GGTGATTCATAGTAACCGAACG | [85] | |
SarcoRext | Reverse | GATTTCTCATAAGGTGCAGGAG | [85] | |
SarcoFint | Forward | CGCAAATTACCCAATCCTGA | [85] | |
SarcoRint | Reverse | ATCGTCTTCGAGCCCCTAAC | [85] | |
NC1 | Forward | ACGTCTGGTTCAGGGTTGTT | [86] | |
NC2 | Reverse | TTAGTTTCTTTTCCTCCGCT | [86] | |
TrogloF | Forward | GCACTTGAAATCTTCGACA | [87] | |
AeluroF | Forward | GCATTTATGCTAGTGATATC | [87] | |
MetR | Reverse | CCGCTAAATGATATGCTTA | [87] |
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Segeritz, L.; Anders, O.; Middelhoff, T.L.; Winterfeld, D.T.; Maksimov, P.; Schares, G.; Conraths, F.J.; Taubert, A.; Hermosilla, C. New Insights into Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasitofauna of Wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Harz Mountains of Germany. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121650
Segeritz L, Anders O, Middelhoff TL, Winterfeld DT, Maksimov P, Schares G, Conraths FJ, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. New Insights into Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasitofauna of Wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Harz Mountains of Germany. Pathogens. 2021; 10(12):1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121650
Chicago/Turabian StyleSegeritz, Lisa, Ole Anders, Tomma Lilli Middelhoff, Deliah Tamsyn Winterfeld, Pavlo Maksimov, Gereon Schares, Franz Josef Conraths, Anja Taubert, and Carlos Hermosilla. 2021. "New Insights into Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasitofauna of Wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Harz Mountains of Germany" Pathogens 10, no. 12: 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121650
APA StyleSegeritz, L., Anders, O., Middelhoff, T. L., Winterfeld, D. T., Maksimov, P., Schares, G., Conraths, F. J., Taubert, A., & Hermosilla, C. (2021). New Insights into Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasitofauna of Wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Harz Mountains of Germany. Pathogens, 10(12), 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121650