Nanomaterial-Based Antifungal Therapies to Combat Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Fungal Disease
2.1. Aspergillosis
2.2. Coccidioidomycosis
2.3. Mucormycosis
2.4. Candidiasis (Candida auris)
3. The Current Treatment
3.1. Aspergillosis
3.2. Coccidioidomycosis
3.3. Mucormycosis
3.4. Candidiasis (Candida auris)
Disease | Current Treatment | References |
---|---|---|
Aspergillosis | Amphotericin B, azoles (voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole), and echinocandins. | [60,61] |
Coccidioidomycosis | Azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole) and amphotericin B. | [63,74] |
Mucormycosis | Amphotericin B, posaconazole, and isavuconazole. | [69,70,75] |
Candidiasis (Candida auris) | Echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin) and isavuconazole | [71,72,73] |
4. Nanotechnology in Antifungal Therapy
4.1. Aspergillosis
4.1.1. Metal Nanoparticles
4.1.2. Organic Materials-Based Nanoparticles
4.1.3. Plant Extracts-Based Nanoparticles
4.1.4. Nanoparticles Obtained from Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Cultures
4.1.5. Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery or Controlled Drug Release Systems
4.2. Coccidioidomycosis
4.3. Mucormycosis
4.4. Candidiasis (Candida auris)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Filamentous Fungi | Disease | Geographical Distribution (Incidence) | Epidemiological Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus fumigatus | Aspergillosis | Worldwide distribution | Immunocompromised individuals with altered or weakened immune responses are able to develop aspergillosis. | [25,26] |
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii | Coccidioidomycosis | Central Valley of California, desert areas of Arizona, Texas, Utah; Mexico; Central (Guatemala and Honduras), and South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil). | Elderly persons, pregnant women, and members of certain ethnic groups are at risk for severe or disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Further, persons with immunodeficiency diseases, diabetes, transplant recipients, and prisoners are particularly vulnerable. | [27,28] |
Rhizopus, Mucor | Mucormycosis | Europe (34%), Asia (31%), North/South America (28%), Africa (3%), and Australia/New Zealand (3%) | Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cancer, solid organ or bone marrow transplantation, hematological malignancy, corticosteroids treatment, and trauma and burns are especially vulnerable to Mucorales infection. | [7,29] |
Candida auris (non-filamentous fungus) | Candidiasis | Worldwide distribution | Elderly age, diabetes mellitus, recent surgery, the presence of an indwelling medical device, an immunosuppressed state, the use of hemodialysis, a neutropenic state, chronic renal disease, or the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic and/or antifungal drugs are related to C. auris infections. | [30,31] |
Nanomaterial | Antifungal Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|
AgNPs | Growth inhibition at 10 µg/mL | [33] |
54% growth inhibition at 100 mg/L | [92] | |
75.61% growth inhibition at 150 µg/mL | [105] | |
Growth inhibition at 150 µg/mL | [106] | |
Growth inhibition at 40 µg/mL | [107] | |
60% growth inhibition at 50 µg/mL | [110] | |
Marketed AgNPs | 90% growth inhibition at 0.5 µg/mL (clinical isolates) | [93] |
AgO/Ag NPs | 75.25% growth inhibition at 50 µg/mL | [113] |
Ag-AuNPs | 90.78% growth inhibition at 200 µg/mL | [111] |
Ag2Cr2O4 | 3.1 times higher inhibition than fluconazole | [94] |
Maleic acid capped AgNPs | Growth inhibition | [74] |
Milk protein synthesized AgNPs | Growth inhibition | [95] |
Fibroin-AgNPs | Fungicidal activity at 2 µg/mL | [99] |
Ag-Cu core-shell NPs | Growth inhibition at 0.1 M and fungicidal activity at 15 µg/mL | [100] |
CChG/AgNPs | Better growth inhibition than AmB at 0.98 µg/mL | [101] |
CuNPs | Growth inhibition at 31.67 µg/mL | [107] |
Cu-Ag core-shell NPs | Growth inhibition at 0.1M and fungicidal activity at 25 µg/mL | [100] |
Au@5FU NPs | Higher inhibition than 5FU | [96] |
Fibroin-AuNPs | Fungicidal activity at 10 µg/mL | [99] |
TiO2-PLA NPs | 99.9% growth inhibition at 8 wt% of NPs | [97] |
pMWCNT-CD/Ag-TiO2 nanosponge | Growth inhibition at 437.5 µg/mL | [98] |
ZnONPs | Growth inhibition at 20 µg/mL | [33] |
Higher inhibition zone than AmB (resistant strain) | [103] | |
51% growth inhibition at 100 µg/mL | [104] | |
Growth inhibition at 26.7 µg/mL | [107] | |
SeNPs | Growth inhibition at 250 µg/mL | [109] |
Growth inhibition at 100 µg/mL | [112] | |
N-Hexa | Growth reduction at 10 ppm | [114] |
Natamicyin encapsulated L/C NPs | Similar growth inhibition than natamycin | [115] |
AmB encapsulated L/C NPs | Growth inhibition at 0.12 µg/mL | [116] |
AmB entrapped lipid NPs | Growth inhibition at 0.025 µg/mL | [75] |
AmB loaded PLGA NPs | 50% growth inhibition at 0.03 µg/mL | [119] |
AmB-PMA NPs | Growth inhibition with 300 µg of AmB | [120] |
AmB leaded PEG NLC | Growth inhibition at 1.25 µg/mL | [122] |
Fluconazole encapsulated O-alkylated dextran | Growth inhibition at 3.16 µg/mL | [117] |
Natamycin SLNPs | Better inhibition zones than natamycin | [121] |
Nanomaterial | Antifungal Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|
Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC, Abelcet®) | Highly effective treatment. | [132,133] |
Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB, AmBisome®) | Successfully used as an alternative and safe option of treatment. | [128,129,130,131,133] |
Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD, Amphotec®/Amphocil®) | Well tolerated and effective treatment | [133] |
Nanomaterial | Antifungal Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|
Nanoemulsions NB-201 | Growth inhibition | [141] |
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), | Growth inhibition | [138] |
Zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) | Growth inhibition | [140] |
Nanomaterial | Antifungal Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Biofilm formation inhibition, planktonic growth inhibition | [146,148] |
Trimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-Cu-Co NPs) | Growth reduction, lower viability, cellular arrest, mitochondria membrane damage | [149] |
Bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) | Affect cellular morphology, biofilm formation inhibition | [150] |
Nitric oxide (NO) | Biofilm formation reduction, planktonic growth inhibition | [151] |
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León-Buitimea, A.; Garza-Cervantes, J.A.; Gallegos-Alvarado, D.Y.; Osorio-Concepción, M.; Morones-Ramírez, J.R. Nanomaterial-Based Antifungal Therapies to Combat Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101303
León-Buitimea A, Garza-Cervantes JA, Gallegos-Alvarado DY, Osorio-Concepción M, Morones-Ramírez JR. Nanomaterial-Based Antifungal Therapies to Combat Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101303
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeón-Buitimea, Angel, Javier A. Garza-Cervantes, Diana Y. Gallegos-Alvarado, Macario Osorio-Concepción, and José Ruben Morones-Ramírez. 2021. "Nanomaterial-Based Antifungal Therapies to Combat Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Mucormycosis, and Candidiasis" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101303