Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean: A One Health Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in the CAC
2.1. Ticks and Tick-Borne Bacterial and Protozoal Diseases in Animals in the CAC
2.2. Ticks as Vectors of Human Pathogens of Bacterial and Protozoal Origin in the CAC
2.3. Tick-borne Viruses of Humans and Animals in the CAC
2.4. Tick-Borne Co-Infections of Humans and Animals in the CAC
3. Diagnostic Tools for TBPs in the CAC
4. Current Situation and Perspective of Surveillance Programs in the CAC
5. A ‘One Health’ Dimension to TBDs in the CAC
6. Treatment Protocols Used for Animals and Humans with TBDs
7. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement.
Informed Consent Statement.
Data Availability Statement.
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Disease | Tick Vector(s) | Vertebrate Hosts | Countries a | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. burgdorferi group b | Lyme disease | Unknown | Cat Dog | Hon CR | [19] [20] |
A. marginale | Anaplasmosis | R. microplus | Cattle | An, Ba, Cu, D, DR, Gr, Gp, H, J, Ne, SK, Ma, M, PR, SM, SV, Tr | [4] |
A. odocoilei | Unknown | Unknown | Deer | Mex | [21] |
A. phagocytophilum | Granulocytic anaplasmosis | Unknown | Cattle Deer | PR Mex | [4] [22] |
A. platys | Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia | R. sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Gr, Pan | [23] |
E. canis | Tropical canine pancytopenia | R. sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Ar, BWI, CR, D, ES, Gr, H, PR, SK, NE, M, Nic, Pan, Tr, TC | [4,23,24,25] |
E. canis | Tropical canine pancytopenia | A. ovale | Dog | Mex | [21] |
E. chaffeensis | Unknown | Amblyomma spp. | Deer | Mex | [22] |
E. ruminatium | Heart water disease | A. variegatum | Cattle | An, D, Ma, M, N, SK, SL, VI | [4] |
B. bigemina | Babesiosis | R. microplus | Cattle | An, Ba, Cu, D, DR, G, Gp, H, J, Ma, Mo, Ne, PR, SK, SL, SM, SV, Tr | [4] |
B. bovis | Piroplasmosis | D. nitens | Cattle | An, Ba, Cu, D, DR, G, Gp, H, J, Ma, M, Ne, PR, SK, SV, Tr | [4] |
B. caballi | Piroplasmosis | D. nitens | Equids | G, Gp, Ma, M, KN, Tr | [4,26] |
B. canis | Canine babesiosis | R. sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Mo | [4] |
B. gibsoni | Babesiosis | R. sanguineus s.l. R. turanicus c | Several mammals | D, Ne, SK | |
B. rossi | Babesiosis | R. sanguineus s.l. R. turanicus c | Goat | Mo | |
B. vogeli | Babesiosis | R. sanguineus s.l. R. turanicus c | Goat | D, Gp, Ma, Ne, Mo, SK, Tr | |
B. vulpes | Babesiosis | Unknown | Goat | Mo | |
H. canis | Hepatozoonasis | R. sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Ar, CR, Gp, H, KN, T | |
T. equi | Theileriosis | D. nitens | Livestock | D, Ne, SK, Tr | |
T. mutans | Theileriosis | A. variegatum | Cattle | Cu, Gp, Ma | |
T. parva | Theileriosis | A. variegatum | Cattle | Gp | |
African swine fever virus | African swine fever | Ornithodoros spp. | Cattle | Cu, DR, H | |
Hugues Virus | Not named | O. capensis group | Seabirds | Cu, Tr |
Pathogen | Disease(s) | Tick Vector(s) | Countries a | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
R. rickettsii | RMSF | A. mixtum (A. cajennense) A. cf. parvum A. varium D. nitens | Pan, CR, Col, Mex | [18,100,101] |
H. leporispalustris | CR | [102] | ||
R. sanguineus s.l. | Pan | [89,90] | ||
R. sibirica | Currently no reported human clinical cases | A. mixtum (A. cajennense) | Gua | [101] |
R. africae | ||||
R. africae | African tick-bite fever | A. variegatum | An, D, Gp, Ma, Mo, Ne, SK, SL, USVI | [51,103] |
R. amblyommatis | Subclinical infection | A. mixtum (A. cajennense) | Cu | [104] |
RMSF | Pan, CR, ES, Hon | [27,100,105,106,107] | ||
R. sanguineus s.l. | CR, Pan | [100] | ||
A. ovale | Pan, CR | [100,105,108] | ||
D. nitens | CR | [100] | ||
Rickettsia sp. strain Atlantic rainforest | Spotted fever | A. ovale | Be | [109] |
R. parkeri | Erythema, induration and necrosis at the site of the tick bite, headache, fever, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms | A. maculatum | Hon | [92,110] |
R. parkeri rickettsiosis | A. maculatum A. ovale | Be | [109,111] | |
R. conorii | Mediterranean spotted fever | A. variegatum | Gp | [12] |
Rickettsia sp. | Rickettsiosis | Unknown | Be, Gua, Nic, Hon, Pan | [12] |
E. canis | Headache, myalgia, generalized erythema, elevation of transaminases, thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, hypotension | R. sanguineus s.l. | Pan, Ve | [112,113] |
E. chaffeensis | Non-specific symptoms (fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia)/subclinical infection | Vector tick species not identified | CR, Ve | [114,115] |
B. burgdorferi s.l. | Lyme borreliosis | Vector tick species not identified | CR, Cu, Hon | [75,94,97,116] |
B. lonestari | STARI | Amblyomma spp. | SL, Tr, Gr | [96] |
Relapsing fever spirochetes | TBRF | O. talaje | Pan, Gua | [99,117] |
O. puertoricensis | Pan | [99,118,119] | ||
O. rudis | Pan, Ve, Co | |||
Vector tick species not identified | Gua, Be | [95] | ||
TBP not identified | Paralysis | A. ovale | Pan | [120] |
C. burnetii | Q fever | A. mixtum D. nitens | Cu, Pan, PR | [44,45,46] |
Microorganism | Ticks Host(s) | Countries a | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Anaplasmataceae | D. nitens | Cu | [4] |
A. phagocytophilum | I. tapirus | Pan | [79] |
R. africae | A. variegatum | An, Gp, Ma, Mo, Ne, SK, SL, USVI | [51,103,121,122,123] |
R. amblyommatis | A. auricularium A. mixtum (A. cajennense) A. geayi A. longirostre A. maculatum A. mixtum A. ovale A. pacae A. nr. parvum A. mixtum (A. cajennense) A. varium D. nitens H. juxtakochi R. sanguineus s.l. | Pan Be CR, Pan CR, Hon, Pan Be CR, Cu, ES, Hon, Pan CR Be, Pan ES Nic Pan CR, Pan Pan CR, Pan | [27,124,125,126] |
R. asemboensis | A. ovale R. microplus | CR | [124] |
R. bellii | A. dissimile A. ovale A. rotundatum A. sabanerae | Be, Pan ES Pan ES, Pan | [124] |
R. felis | A. mixtum | Pan | [124] |
R. rhipicephali | D. latus | CR | [124] |
Candidatus species | |||
Ca. “Rickettsia colombianensi” | A. dissimile A. sabanerae A. scutatum | CR, Pan CR ES | [124,125] |
Ca. “Rickettsia nicoyana” | O. knoxjonesi | CR | [124] |
Non-described Rickettsia | |||
R. st. Aragoi | A. triste | Nic | [124] |
R. st. Atlantic Rainforest | A. ovale | Be | [124] |
R. st. IbR/CRC | I. cf. boliviensis | CR, Pan | [124] |
Rickettsia endosymbiont Ixodes | I. affinis | Mex, Be, Pan | [126] |
Rickettsia endosymbiont Ixodes | I. tapirus | Pan | [79] |
Rickettsia spp. | A. ovale R. sanguineus s.l. | Be | [124] |
Rickettsia sp. | I. nr. minor | CR | [124] |
Rickettsia C325 | A. longirostre | Pan | [126] |
Rickettsia closely related to R. africae | A. ovale | Nic | [124] |
Rickettsia closely related to R. raoultii | A. geayi | Pan | [127] |
Rickettsia closely related to R. tamurae | A. dissimile | Pan | [125] |
B. burgdorferi group | I.cf. boliviensis | Pan | [79] |
B. cf. odocoilei | I. cf. boliviensis | Pan | |
Hepatozoon sp. | I. cf. boliviensis | Pan |
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Charles, R.A.; Bermúdez, S.; Banović, P.; Alvarez, D.O.; Díaz-Sánchez, A.A.; Corona-González, B.; Etter, E.M.C.; Rodríguez González, I.; Ghafar, A.; Jabbar, A.; et al. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean: A One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101273
Charles RA, Bermúdez S, Banović P, Alvarez DO, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Corona-González B, Etter EMC, Rodríguez González I, Ghafar A, Jabbar A, et al. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean: A One Health Perspective. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101273
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles, Roxanne A., Sergio Bermúdez, Pavle Banović, Dasiel Obregón Alvarez, Adrian Alberto Díaz-Sánchez, Belkis Corona-González, Eric Marcel Charles Etter, Islay Rodríguez González, Abdul Ghafar, Abdul Jabbar, and et al. 2021. "Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean: A One Health Perspective" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101273