Management of Microbiological Contamination of the Water Network of a Newly Built Hospital Pavilion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physical and Chemical Parameters of Water Sample
2.2. Bacterial Detection
2.3. Legionella Detection
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Water Disinfection
4.3. Physico-Chemical Parameters
4.4. Microbiological Investigation
4.5. Legionella Investigation
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Cold Water | Hot Water | Limit Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Value | ||||
Mean | Range | Mean | Range | ||
pH | 8.13 | 7.9–9.0 | 8.16 | 7.9–9.0 | ≥6.5 to ≤9.5 |
T (°C) | 15.8 | 13.4–16.3 | 56.5 | 50.1–57.2 | - |
Conductivity (µS/cm) | 650 | 640–685 | 647 | 640–680 | 2500 |
Hardness (°F) | 16.2 | 16–18 | 15.3 | 15–17 | 15–50 |
Free Chlorine (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.2 |
Chlorides (mg/L) | 30 | 26–32 | 28 | 25–30 | 250 |
Ammonium (mg/L) | <0.10 | - | <0.10 | - | 0.50 |
Nitrites (mg/L) | <0.10 | - | <0.10 | - | 0.50 |
Nitrates (mg/L) | 0.7 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.6 | 0.5–1.0 | 50 |
Disinfectant residual (mg/L) | 21.0 | 20.0–28.0 | 23.7 | 20.0–29.7 | - |
Flow rate (L/h) | 550 | 450–650 | 550 | 450–650 | - |
Microorganism | Period | Tap (No./No.) | Shower (No./No.) | Test |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coliforms | T0 | 46.3 (31/67) | 50.0 (12/24) | χ2 = 0.0058, p-value = 0.94 |
T1 | 35.8 (24/67) | 37.5 (9/24) | χ2 = 0.0101, p-value = 0.92 | |
T2 | 4.5 (3/67) | 4.2 (1/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 1 | |
T0 | 0 (0/67) | 0 (0/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 1 | |
E. coli | T1 | 4.4 (4/67) | 0 (0/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 0.57 |
T2 | 0 (0/67) | 0 (0/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 1 | |
Enterococci | T0 | 0% (0/67) | 0% (0/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 1 |
T1 | 13.4% (9/67) | 8.3% (2/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 0.72 | |
T2 | 0% (0/67) | 8.3% (2/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 0.07 | |
P. aeruginosa | T0 | 46.3% (31/67) | 62.5% (15/24) | χ2 = 1.2696, p-value = 0.26 |
T1 | 29.9% (20/67) | 29.2% (7/24) | χ2 = 0.039, p-value = 0.84 | |
T2 | 0% (0/67) | 4.2% (1/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 0.27 | |
L. pneumophila | T0 | 85.1% (57/67) | 66.7% (16/24) | χ2 = 2.70, p-value = 0.10 |
T1 | 37.3% (25/67) | 33.3% (8/24) | χ2 = 0.01, p-value = 0.91 | |
T2 | 0% (0/67) | 8.3% (2/24) | Fisher’s F test p-value = 0.07 |
Microorganism | Period | Tap–Median load (Range) | Shower–Median load (Range) | Test |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coliforms (CFU/100 mL) | T0 | <1 (<1–35) | <1 (<1–19) | W = 784, p-value = 0.76 |
T1 | <1 (<1–60) | <1 (<1–10) | W = 827.5, p-value = 0.91 | |
T2 | <1 (<1–3) | <1 | W = 768, p-value = 0.23 | |
E. coli | T1 | <1 (<1–2) | <1 | W = 1140, p-value = 0.30 |
(CFU/100 mL) | ||||
Enterococci (CFU/100 mL) | T1 | <1 (<1–3) | 0 (0–2) | W = 847, p-value = 0.49 |
T2 | <1 | <1 (<1–1) | W = 737, p-value = 0.018 | |
P. aeruginosa (CFU/250 mL) | T0 | <1 (<1–790) | 2 (<1–3200) | W = 687, p-value = 0.26 |
T1 | <1 (<1–610) | <1(<1–26) | W = 823.5, p-value = 0.83 | |
T2 | <1 | <1 (<1–170) | W = 770.5, p-value = 0.099 | |
L. pneumophila (CFU/L) | T0 | 1700 (<50–24,000) | 325 (<50–22,000) | W = 1091.5, p-value = 0.009 |
T1 | <50 (<50–2300) | <50 (<50–2000) | W= 868, p-value = 0.5058 | |
T2 | <50 | <50 (<50–50) | W = 737, p-value = 0.018 |
Indipendent Variables | B | (eβ-1) = RR (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 7.06 | <0.0001 | |
Coliforms | 7.28 | 1449.99 | <0.0001 |
E. coli | −2.277 | −1.00 | <0.0001 |
Enterococci | −4.78 | −0.99 | <0.0001 |
P. aeruginosa | 0.07 | 0.08 | <0.0001 |
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De Giglio, O.; Diella, G.; Lopuzzo, M.; Triggiano, F.; Calia, C.; Pousis, C.; Fasano, F.; Calabrese, G.; Rafaschieri, V.; Carpagnano, L.F.; et al. Management of Microbiological Contamination of the Water Network of a Newly Built Hospital Pavilion. Pathogens 2021, 10, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010075
De Giglio O, Diella G, Lopuzzo M, Triggiano F, Calia C, Pousis C, Fasano F, Calabrese G, Rafaschieri V, Carpagnano LF, et al. Management of Microbiological Contamination of the Water Network of a Newly Built Hospital Pavilion. Pathogens. 2021; 10(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010075
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Giglio, Osvalda, Giusy Diella, Marco Lopuzzo, Francesco Triggiano, Carla Calia, Chrysovalentinos Pousis, Fabrizio Fasano, Giuseppe Calabrese, Vincenza Rafaschieri, Lucia Federica Carpagnano, and et al. 2021. "Management of Microbiological Contamination of the Water Network of a Newly Built Hospital Pavilion" Pathogens 10, no. 1: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010075
APA StyleDe Giglio, O., Diella, G., Lopuzzo, M., Triggiano, F., Calia, C., Pousis, C., Fasano, F., Calabrese, G., Rafaschieri, V., Carpagnano, L. F., Carlucci, M., Gesualdo, L., Ricci, M. L., Scaturro, M., Rota, M. C., Bonadonna, L., Lucentini, L., & Montagna, M. T. (2021). Management of Microbiological Contamination of the Water Network of a Newly Built Hospital Pavilion. Pathogens, 10(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010075