Trade and Labor-Allocation: Evidence from Sectoral Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Data
2.1. Methods
2.2. Data Source
3. Results
3.1. Labor Force and Embodied Labor in Final Demand of China and Africa
3.1.1. Labor Force and Labor Use of China and Africa
3.1.2. Sectoral Contribution of Labor Force and Embodied Labor of China and Africa
3.1.3. Total Labor Force and Embodied Labor of African Countries
3.2. The Feature of Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa
3.2.1. Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa
3.2.2. Sectoral Distribution of Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa
3.2.3. Sectoral Contribution of Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Typical African Countries
4. Sectoral Labor Allocation behind the Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa
4.1. Complementarity of Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa
4.2. China’s Utilization (Amelioration) of Africa’s Labor Surplus (Shortage)
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Conclusions
- Both China and Africa play roles as labor suppliers in the global value chain. By promoting trading structure and rationalizing economic layouts, both China and Africa can provide employment opportunities to their surplus labor without the need of geographic migration. The embodied labor flow via trade can cast new lights on exerting both economy’s comparative advantages and realizing optimal cross-regional and cross-sectoral labor allocation.
- China and Africa share certain complementarity in cross-sectoral labor usage, which, to some extent, can alleviate the bottleneck of labor they face in their economic development. Trade is a choice based on the comparative advantages of both sides. China’s mass utilization of Africa’s redundant agricultural labor in the global production chain can not only alleviate Africa’s employment plight but also relieve its own predicament of a constantly decreasing supply of agricultural labor. Meanwhile, providing Africa with China’s industrial and service labor can make up for the current lack of industrial and service labor supply in Africa to some extent.
5.2. Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
GDP Ranking | Country | Per-Capita Income | Location |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nigeria | Low-middle income | Coastal |
2 | Egypt | Low-middle income | Coastal |
3 | South Africa | High-middle income | Coastal |
4 | Algeria | High-middle income | Coastal |
5 | Angola | Low-middle income | Coastal |
6 | Morocco | Low-middle income | Coastal |
7 | Sudan | Low-middle income | Coastal |
8 | Ethiopia | Low income | Inland |
9 | Kenya | Low-middle income | Coastal |
10 | Ghana | Low-middle income | Coastal |
11 | Tanzania | Low income | Coastal |
12 | Tunisia | Low-middle income | Coastal |
13 | Cote d’Ivoire | Low-middle income | Coastal |
14 | DR Congo | Low income | Coastal |
15 | Cameroon | Low-middle income | Coastal |
16 | Libya | High-middle income | Coastal |
17 | Rwanda | Low income | Inland |
18 | Zambia | Low-middle income | Inland |
19 | Zimbabwe | Low income | Inland |
20 | Senegal | Low income | Coastal |
21 | Mozambique | Low income | Coastal |
22 | Botswana | High-middle income | Inland |
23 | Gabon | High-middle income | Coastal |
24 | Mali | Low income | Inland |
25 | Mauritius | High-middle income | Island |
26 | Namibia | High-middle income | Coastal |
27 | Chad | Low income | Inland |
28 | South Sudan | Low income | Inland |
29 | Burkina Faso | Low income | Inland |
30 | Madagascar | Low income | Island |
31 | Guinea | Low income | Coastal |
32 | Congo | Low-middle income | Coastal |
33 | Benin | Low income | Coastal |
34 | Rwanda | Low income | Inland |
35 | Niger | Low income | Inland |
36 | Somalia | - | Coastal |
37 | Malawi | Low income | Inland |
38 | Mauritania | Low-middle income | Coastal |
39 | Eritrea | - | Coastal |
40 | Sierra Leone | Low income | Coastal |
41 | Togo | Low income | Coastal |
42 | Liberia | Low income | Coastal |
43 | Burundi | Low income | Inland |
44 | Lesotho | Low-middle income | Inland |
45 | Djibouti | Low-middle income | Coastal |
46 | Cape Verde | Low-middle income | Island |
47 | Central African Republic | Low income | Inland |
48 | Gambia | Low income | Coastal |
49 | Seychelles | High income | Island |
50 | Sao Tome and Principe | Low-middle income | Island |
Year | Labor Embodied in Final Demand | Labor Embodied in Final Consumption | Final Consumption (Household) | Final Consumption (Non-Profit Institutions) | Final Consumption (Government) | Others (Gross Fixed Capital Formation etc.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 559,202 | 358,533 | 263,740 | 7397 | 87,396 | 200,670 |
2001 | 573,612 | 364,743 | 263,805 | 7420 | 93,518 | 208,869 |
2002 | 577,723 | 366,524 | 264,020 | 7453 | 95,051 | 211,199 |
2003 | 572,515 | 355,534 | 253,446 | 7257 | 94,830 | 216,981 |
2004 | 562,776 | 343,602 | 245,667 | 7162 | 90,773 | 219,174 |
2005 | 562,098 | 341,754 | 243,796 | 7157 | 90,801 | 220,345 |
2006 | 557,888 | 338,659 | 241,174 | 7204 | 90,281 | 219,229 |
2007 | 569,497 | 335,771 | 241,720 | 7328 | 86,722 | 233,726 |
2008 | 584,142 | 342,282 | 245,404 | 7487 | 89,391 | 241,860 |
2009 | 634,359 | 369,468 | 262,849 | 7921 | 98,698 | 264,891 |
2010 | 631,978 | 363,213 | 258,765 | 8071 | 96,377 | 268,765 |
2011 | 638,812 | 362,705 | 260,197 | 8327 | 94,182 | 276,106 |
2012 | 647,663 | 370,710 | 266,912 | 8584 | 95,214 | 276,952 |
2013 | 660,252 | 378,961 | 267,334 | 8634 | 102,993 | 281,290 |
2014 | 663,361 | 375,028 | 265,884 | 8683 | 100,462 | 288,333 |
2015 | 666,767 | 363,596 | 260,139 | 8557 | 94,910 | 303,171 |
Year | Labor Embodied in Final Demand | Labor Embodied in Final Consumption | Final Consumption (Household) | Final Consumption (Non-Profit Institutions) | Final Consumption (Government) | Others (Gross Fixed Capital Formation etc.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 212,889 | 176,166 | 133,717 | 13,013 | 29,434 | 36,723 |
2001 | 220,423 | 181,691 | 137,261 | 13,837 | 30,593 | 38,732 |
2002 | 226,810 | 186,747 | 140,877 | 14,306 | 31,564 | 40,063 |
2003 | 233,933 | 192,477 | 144,893 | 14,962 | 32,622 | 41,456 |
2004 | 240,191 | 197,084 | 148,652 | 15,168 | 33,263 | 43,107 |
2005 | 248,032 | 203,434 | 153,429 | 15,783 | 34,222 | 44,598 |
2006 | 255,949 | 208,903 | 157,671 | 16,372 | 34,861 | 47,046 |
2007 | 265,195 | 216,355 | 163,264 | 17,041 | 36,050 | 48,840 |
2008 | 283,701 | 230,431 | 173,766 | 17,385 | 39,280 | 53,270 |
2009 | 295,197 | 239,965 | 180,061 | 17,857 | 42,047 | 55,233 |
2010 | 300,193 | 243,439 | 182,525 | 18,313 | 42,601 | 56,754 |
2011 | 303,467 | 245,822 | 184,418 | 18,860 | 42,544 | 57,645 |
2012 | 315,005 | 254,023 | 190,114 | 19,630 | 44,278 | 60,983 |
2013 | 326,152 | 263,908 | 196,450 | 20,596 | 46,862 | 62,244 |
2014 | 334,018 | 267,871 | 199,669 | 20,846 | 47,356 | 66,147 |
2015 | 343,810 | 276,289 | 206,415 | 21,514 | 48,361 | 67,521 |
Labor Flow from China to Africa | Agriculture | Industry | Service | Labor Flow from Africa to China | Agriculture | Industry | Service |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 580 | 716 | 380 | 2000 | 2669 | 210 | 198 |
2001 | 547 | 694 | 389 | 2001 | 2777 | 226 | 219 |
2002 | 539 | 703 | 419 | 2002 | 3103 | 248 | 241 |
2003 | 606 | 859 | 513 | 2003 | 3134 | 297 | 285 |
2004 | 682 | 982 | 627 | 2004 | 3472 | 351 | 342 |
2005 | 706 | 1070 | 749 | 2005 | 3789 | 394 | 399 |
2006 | 766 | 1230 | 914 | 2006 | 4323 | 462 | 483 |
2007 | 785 | 1349 | 1109 | 2007 | 5081 | 578 | 586 |
2008 | 740 | 1344 | 1144 | 2008 | 5321 | 573 | 557 |
2009 | 580 | 1132 | 982 | 2009 | 5924 | 616 | 539 |
2010 | 593 | 1226 | 1117 | 2010 | 7327 | 798 | 750 |
2011 | 587 | 1295 | 1248 | 2011 | 7775 | 958 | 928 |
2012 | 550 | 1288 | 1284 | 2012 | 8015 | 991 | 949 |
2013 | 501 | 1215 | 1266 | 2013 | 8373 | 1035 | 1010 |
2014 | 450 | 1175 | 1307 | 2014 | 8761 | 1139 | 1149 |
2015 | 384 | 1077 | 1312 | 2015 | 8792 | 1177 | 1257 |
Appendix B. The Structure of the Multi-Regional Input-Output Model (MRIO)
Intermediate Input | Final Demand | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region 1 | … | Region M | Region 1 | … | Region M | Total Output | |||||||
Sector 1 | … | Sector N | … | Sector 1 | … | Sector N | Different Consumption Categories | … | Different Consumption Categories | ||||
Intermediate Input | Region 1 | Sector 1 | … | … | … | … | |||||||
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
Sector N | … | ||||||||||||
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
Region M | Sector 1 | … | … | ||||||||||
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
Sector N | … | … | … | ||||||||||
Initial Input | … | … | … | ||||||||||
Total Input | … | … | … |
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Year | Total Labor Force | Agricultural Sector | Industrial Sector | Service Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.94% | 0.20% | 8.58% | 1.58% |
2001 | 0.75% | 0.36% | 7.87% | 1.41% |
2002 | 0.56% | 0.60% | 7.41% | 1.43% |
2003 | 0.70% | 0.72% | 8.91% | 1.76% |
2004 | 0.68% | 0.78% | 9.35% | 1.94% |
2005 | 0.73% | 1.06% | 9.45% | 2.26% |
2006 | 0.71% | 1.39% | 10.49% | 2.69% |
2007 | 0.33% | 2.12% | 10.88% | 3.03% |
2008 | 0.30% | 2.55% | 15.38% | 3.48% |
2009 | 1.13% | 3.68% | 11.64% | 2.05% |
2010 | 2.36% | 4.95% | 10.26% | 0.54% |
2011 | 3.02% | 5.50% | 8.25% | −0.15% |
2012 | 3.28% | 5.78% | 7.78% | −0.08% |
2013 | 3.78% | 6.08% | 6.06% | −0.86% |
2014 | 4.40% | 6.66% | 3.98% | −1.29% |
2015 | 4.64% | 6.81% | 2.29% | −1.50% |
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Ji, X.; Liu, Y.; Yin, J. Trade and Labor-Allocation: Evidence from Sectoral Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa. Soc. Sci. 2024, 13, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030144
Ji X, Liu Y, Yin J. Trade and Labor-Allocation: Evidence from Sectoral Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa. Social Sciences. 2024; 13(3):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030144
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Xi, Yifang Liu, and Jingyu Yin. 2024. "Trade and Labor-Allocation: Evidence from Sectoral Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa" Social Sciences 13, no. 3: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030144
APA StyleJi, X., Liu, Y., & Yin, J. (2024). Trade and Labor-Allocation: Evidence from Sectoral Embodied Labor Transfer between China and Africa. Social Sciences, 13(3), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030144