Symbolic Interactionism and Communication Patterns: Insights from Army Wives Union Organizations (Persit-KCK), Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Determination of Informants
2.2. Qualitative Data Collection Techniques
2.3. Qualitative Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Human Thought and Persit-KCK Mission: Member Behavior and Organizational Symbols
3.2. Social Interaction, Communication and Organization Persit-KCK
“My experience between the Persit (Army Wives Association) in Indonesia and Malaysia is quite unique, in Malaysia, all the motives are the same, the army, sea, and air forces all have the same Persit (Army Wives Association). The uniform for Persit (Army Wives Association) members is the only difference in the headscarf. The Army’s hood color is red and gray and the Navy’s is blue. Cows for their uniforms are the same as floral motifs containing elements of these three colors.”
“The use of uniforms for different organizations, if you move to the Headquarters of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI Headquarters) you have to change, even though our husbands don’t change uniforms, just change their Berets. Why don’t we just go with it like that, the clothes don’t need to change, maybe the headscarves change, so we don’t have to make too many clothes. we can imitate the one in simple Malaysia which is important to be polite and still beautiful.”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Abdillah, Abdillah, Ida Widianingsih, Rd. Ahmad Buchari, Nuryanti Mustari, and Syafiuddin Saleh. 2022. Governance and Quintuple Helix innovation model: Insights from the local government of East Luwu Regency, Indonesia. Frontiers in Climate 4: 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afriani, Hesty Fazar, Windhiadi Yoga Sembada, and Irpan Ripa’i Sutowo. 2022. Interaksi Simbolik Pada Organisasi Persit Kartika Chandra Kirana Cabang Xvi Batalyon Arhanud 13. Communications 4: 244–61. Available online: http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/communications/article/view/25283 (accessed on 5 October 2022).
- Bennett, Winston. 2003. Communicating global activism. Information. Communication and Society 6: 143–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennett, W. Lance, and Shanto Iyengar. 2008. A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of Communication 58: 707–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beta, Pancan, Rinni Salvia, and Besse Herdiana. 2020. Etnografi Komunikasi Tata Cara Bertutur Masyarakat Suku Padoe. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, dan Sastra 6: 527–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blumer, Herbert. 1986. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Oakland: University of California Press. [Google Scholar]
- Bulandari, Phopy Harjanti. 2018. Analisa Proses Komunikasi Atas Normalisasi Konsep Panopticon dalam Organisasi Bhayangkari. Interkasi Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 7: 54–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Citroen, Charles L. 2011. The role of information in strategic decision-making. International Journal of Information Management 31: 493–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Creswell, John W. 2013. Research Desain: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kualitatif, Dan Mixed (Edisi Keti). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar. Available online: https://unsla.uns.ac.id/pgsd/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1634 (accessed on 1 September 2022).
- Creswell, John W., and Cheryl N. Poth. 2016. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Dewantara, Cicilia Evie, Sebastian Koto, and Tommy Hariyanto. 2018. The Role of the Army Spouse Association (PersitKartika Chandra Kirana) in Supporting the Task of the Indonesian Army. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) 23: 20–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Disque, Andrea. 2016. Exploring the Experiences of Senior Enlisted Military Wives Seeking Higher Education through Distance Learning. Available online: https://dune.une.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1054andcontext=theses (accessed on 1 September 2022).
- Elbadiansyah, Umiarso. 2014. Interaksionisme Simbolik dari Era Klasik hingga Modern. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. [Google Scholar]
- Eman, Jesysca Exderya. 2018. Hubungan Antara Konflik Peran Ganda Dan Komitmen Organisasi Pada Anggota Persit-KCK Tanjungpura. SKRIPSI. Available online: http://repository.usd.ac.id/33527/2/149114174_full.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2022).
- Erica, Elma, and Wulan Triganitri. 2018. Pola Komunikasi Formal dan Informal di Kalangan Pengurus Organisasi Persit Kartika Chandra Kirana. Prosiding Hubungan Masyarakat, 252–58. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/22960 (accessed on 3 December 2022).
- Erowati, Dewi, Kuncoro Bayu Prasetyo, Sri Astuty, and Tutting Anggraeni. 2020. Peran organisasi perempuan dalam penguatan social capital melawan pandemi COVID-19 (studi pada gerakan kampanye sosial persit kartika chandra kirana xxxix kabupaten pati jawa tengah). Umbara 5: 30–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fatmawati, Fatmawati, Nuryanti Mustari, Haerana Haerana, Risma Niswaty, and Abdillah Abdillah. 2022. Waste Bank Policy Implementation through Collaborative Approach: Comparative Study—Makassar and Bantaeng, Indonesia. Sustainability 14: 7974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fletcher, Frank. 2016. Developing Organizational Design and Culture. In Solutions. London: Routledge, pp. 113–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallant, Andrea. 2014. Symbolic interactions and the development of women leaders in higher education. Gender, Work and Organization 21: 203–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heavey, Sarah Cercone, D. Lynn Homish, Erin Anderson Goodell, and Gregory G. Homish. 2017. US reserve soldiers’ combat exposure and intimate partner violence: Not more common but it is more violent. Stress and Health 33: 617–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herawat, Andi Febri, Jenny Ratna Suminar, Edwin Rizal, and Ninis Agustini Damayani. 2021. Deradicalization Communication of Indonesian National Policein the Communities of Former Prisoner of Terrorism in Poso Regency, Indonesia. Ilkogretim Online 20: 52–58. [Google Scholar]
- Herawati, Andi Febri, Jenny Ratna Suminar, Edwin Rizal, and Ninis Agustini Damayani. 2019. Sinergitas Bhabinkamtibmas Dan Mantan Napiter Dalam Upaya Deradikalisasi Di Kabupaten Poso. KINESIK 6: 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Istiyanto, S. Bekti, and Wiwik Novianti. 2018. Etnografi komunikasi komunitas yang kehilangan identitas sosial dan budaya di Kabupaten Cilacap. Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi 6: 64–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Juniawandahlan. 2017. Memperjuangkan Kemerdekaan di Negeri Penjajah. Available online: https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/mkn/memperjuangkan-kemerdekaan-di-negeri-penjajah/ (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- Kodam I/BB. 2021. Dukung Ketahanan Pangan di Masa Pandemi, Persit KCK Cabang LXIII Kodim 0309/Solok Panen Sayur Hidroganik. Available online: https://kodam1-bukitbarisan.mil.id/dukung-ketahanan-pangan-di-masa-pandemi-persit-kck-cabang-lxiii-kodim-0309-solok-panen-sayur-hidroganik/ (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- Kominfo. 2013. Indonesia Miliki Kekayaan dan Keanekaragaman Budaya. Available online: https://www.kominfo.go.id/index.php/content/detail/1342/Indonesia+Miliki+Kekayaan+dan+Keanekaragaman+Budaya/0/berita_satker (accessed on 2 January 2023).
- Kominfo.Jatimprov. 2010. Anggota Persit-KCK Harus Tampil Sederhana. Available online: https://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/read/umum/20458 (accessed on 5 October 2022).
- Kristina, Dina, Deddy Mulyana, Purwanti Hadisiwi, and Jenny Ratna Suminar. 2021. Verbal Communication Symbols of the Wives of Navy Personnel within The Indonesian National Army. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12: 642–51. Available online: https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/8410/6589 (accessed on 2 January 2023).
- Kuswarno, Engkus. 2011. Etnografi Komunikasi (Cetakan 2). In Widya Padjadjaran. Bandung: Universitas Padjadajran. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, Ihyani, Zaldi Rusnaedy, and Nur Khaerah. 2021. Coastal Women’s Resilience Strategy against Climate Change Vulnerability in Makassar, Indonesia. In E3S Web of Conferences. Paris: EDP Sciences, vol. 277, p. 01003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matalensa. 2021. “Dimasa Pandemi Seperti ini, Persit Harus Kreatif” Ucap Ketua Persit KCK Cabang XIV. Available online: http://matalensanusantara.com/2021/06/29/dimasa-pandemi-seperti-ini-persit-harus-kreatif-ucap-ketua-persit-kck-cabang-xiv/ (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- McNamee, Lacy G. 2011. Faith-based organizational communication and its implications for member identity. Journal of Applied Communication Research 39: 422–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mead, George Herbert. 2012. Symbolic interactionism. In A First Look at Communication Theory, 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 54–66. Available online: https://www.dawsoncollege.qc.ca/ai/wp-content/uploads/sites/180/20-george-mead-symbolic-interactionism.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- Miles, Matthew B., A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldaña. 2018. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Mufidah, Khuzaimatul. 2019. Komunikasi Interpersonal Istri Prajurit TNI AD (Studi Kualitatif di Asrama Militer Pussenif TNI AD Bandung). Ph.D. dissertation, Perpustakaan Pascasarjana-Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. [Google Scholar]
- Muthia, Tania, and Olivia Hadiwirawan. 2021. Pencarian Posisi Peran Anggota Persit: Penelitian Tentang Istri Tni Yang Bekerja. Seurune: Jurnal Psikologi Unsyiah 4: 22–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parker, Sharon K., and Gudela Grote. 2020. Automation, algorithms, and beyond: Why work design matters more than ever in a digital world. Applied Psychology. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peeraer, Jef, and Peter Van Petegem. 2015. Integration or transformation? Looking in the future of Information and Communication Technology in education in Vietnam. Evaluation and Program Planning 48: 47–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Persitpusat. 2020. Tugas Pokok: Tugas Pokok Persit-KCK (KCK). Available online: https://persitpusat.or.id/tugas-pokok/# (accessed on 4 September 2022).
- Persitpusat. 2022. Sifat dan Watak Persit-KCK. Available online: https://persitpusat.or.id/menu-sifat-dan-watak-persit/ (accessed on 5 October 2022).
- Postmes, Tom. 2003. A social identity approach to communication in organizations. Social Identity at Work: Developing Theory for Organizational Practice 81: 191–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prautami, Aryati, and Hapsari Sos. S. Dwiningtyas. 2016. Understanding Women’s Capital in The Speech Codes of Indonesian Army’s Wives Organization (Persit-KCK). Interaksi Online 4: 1–11. Available online: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/interaksi-online/article/view/13212 (accessed on 5 October 2022).
- Prianto, Andi Luhur, Ihyani Malik, Nur Khaerah, Abdillah Abdillah, and Kittisak Jermsittiparsert. 2022. Government, Digital Society and Industry 4.0: Connective Action Against COVID-19 Fake News. In Digital Technologies and Applications: Proceedings of ICDTA’22, Fez, Morocco. Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 1, pp. 480–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puspitosari, Wida Ayu, and Edeliya Relanika Purwandi. 2021. The Unwritten Conventions: Gender-Based Role Expectations and Rivalry among Indonesia Army Wives. MASYARAKAT: Jurnal Sosiologi 25: 193–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pye, Rachel E., and Leanne K. Simpson. 2017. Family functioning differences across the deployment cycle in British army families: The perceptions of wives and children. Military Medicine 182: e1856–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Radovic Markovic, Mirjana, and Aidin Salamzadeh. 2018. The importance of communication in business management. In The Importance of Communication in Business Management, the 7th International Scientific Conference on Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia. Edited by Radovic M. Markovic and A. Salamzadeh. Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3578378 (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- Rahayu, Yayuk Mudji, Harjito Harjito, and Veril Sella Marlita. 2019. Kapabilitas Personel Pengurus Persit-KCK Cabang Xxv Dim 0809 Koorcab Rem 082 Pd V/Brawijaya. Jurnal Mediasosian: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Administrasi Negara 3. Available online: http://ojs.unik-kediri.ac.id/index.php/mediasosian/article/view/1358 (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- Reeves, Scott, Ayelet Kuper, and Brian David Hodges. 2008. Qualitative research methodologies: Ethnography. BMJ 337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sartore, Melanie L., and George B. Cunningham. 2007. Explaining the under-representation of women in leadership positions of sport organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Quest 59: 244–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schniederjans, Dara, Edita S. Cao, and Marc Schniederjans. 2013. Enhancing financial performance with social media: An impression management perspective. Decision Support Systems 55: 911–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, Craig R. 2007. Communication and social identity theory: Existing and potential connections in organizational identification research. Communication Studies 58: 123–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Setya, Devi. 2022. Sejarah TNI, Lahir dari Perjuangan Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan. Available online: https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6328846/sejarah-tni-lahir-dari-perjuangan-mempertahankan-kemerdekaan#:~:text=Tentara%20Nasional%20Indonesia%20(TNI)%20terbentuk,yang%20hendak%20melakukan%20penjajahan%20kembali (accessed on 2 February 2023).
- Sigelman, Carol K., Sarah L. Friedman, and Jonah Kildon. 2019. Communication, context, and well-being among military couples. Military Behavioral Health 7: 363–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suminar, Jenny Ratna, Hadi Suprapto Arifin, Ikhsan Fuady, Sarah Aisha, and Ditha Prasanti. 2021. Application of Planned Behavior Model: Factors Affecting Young Mothers’ Intention of Behavior in Stunting Prevention in West Java. Review of International Geographical Education Online 11: 100–9. [Google Scholar]
- Suryomenggolo, Jafar. 2021. Fearless Speech in Indonesian Women’s Writing: Working-Class Feminism from the Global South. Washington: Rowman and Littlefield. [Google Scholar]
- Torchia, Mariateresa, Andrea Calabro, Patricia Gabaldon, and Sadi Bogac Kanadli. 2018. Women directors contribution to organizational innovation: A behavioral approach. Scandinavian Journal of Management 34: 215–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weatherbee, Donald E. 2016. Understanding Jokowi’s foreign policy. In Understanding Jokowi’s Foreign Policy. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Wieringa, Saskia. 2003. The birth of the New Order state in Indonesia: Sexual politics and nationalism. Journal of Women’s History 15: 70–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wikaningrum, Tri, and Ahyar Yuniawan. 2018. The relationships among leadership styles, communication skills, and employee satisfaction: A study on equal employment opportunity in leadership. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research 13. Available online: https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-10-03-13-48-52-PM.pdf (accessed on 3 February 2023).
- Woolf, Nicholas H., and Christina Silver. 2017. Qualitative Analysis using NVivo: The Five-Level QDA® Method. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, Xiaohui. 2022. A symbolic interactionist model of interpreter-facilitated communication—Key communication issues in face-to-face interpreting. Frontiers in Communication 7: 1000849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
The Army Wives Association (Persit-KCK) in Indonesia | The Army Wives Association (Persit-KCK) in Malaysia | The Army Wives Association (Persit-KCK) in Singapore | The Army Wives Association (Persit-KCK) in the United States |
---|---|---|---|
The motif of the Army Wife’s uniform is not much different from that of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. | The identity of the members is simple but still polite and beautiful (not too many clothing motifs and when used in outdoor activities, it still looks appropriate). The motif for the uniform of the Army’s wife’s head scarf is red and gray, and for the Navy, it is blue. Guidelines for their uniforms are the same as floral motifs, containing elements of these three colors. Not much different from members of the Soldier’s Wives Association (Persit-KCK) in Indonesia. | There is no special dress for the wife | There is no special dress for the wife |
Active in social activities as the wife of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). | Active in accompanying military banquets. | The behavior of soldiers’ wives in Singapore is not very active in social activities, and military service. | The behavior of soldiers’ wives in The United State is not very active in social activities and military service. |
No. | Created Symbols | Identification and Analysis |
---|---|---|
1 | Code of Dignity | The symbols created form a symbolic model and social capital in a code of dignity. The position of Persit members can be seen through the use of language, calls or certain terms used by Persit members when communicating with other members, as well as the position of Persit members in Persit management. In choosing the language used to communicate with other Persit members, Persit members use symbolic capital and social capital. The visible symbolic capital is the husband’s rank in the military world. A person will be respected when he has a high rank and position in his unit, for example, TNI soldiers who have the rank of officers compared with TNI soldiers who have the rank of non-commissioned officer or enlisted. TNI soldiers who hold the rank of non-commissioned officer or enlisted must respect and obey TNI soldiers who have the rank of officer. Another visible capital is social capital. Persit members use social capital when interacting with higher-position Persit members. This social capital is used to maintain relationships with Persit members whose positions are higher than theirs. |
2 | Code of Loyalty | The symbols created form a social model in the code of obedience. It can be interpreted that social capital in the compliance code can be seen in how Persit members maintain their relationship with the Chairwoman. When facing members with a higher position, Persit members must be prepared in advance, such as when informant I wanted to discuss food issues during a visit by the commander in chief. |
3 | Code of Power | The symbols created form a social model in the code of power. It can be observed that Persit-KCK (KCK) is in a military environment; therefore, in its implementation, there are rules that also apply in the husband’s organization. As an organization, Persit has a binding force towards its members. Membership of this organization is mandatory, as every woman who has been officially married to a soldier of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI-AD) will automatically become a member of Persit-KCK. The Persit organization has written and unwritten rules that regulate its members in speaking with and behaving in relation to other members, including how to dress, speaking according to the husband’s rank, and others. A Persit member who dares to give advice or criticism to a Persit member with a higher position will be considered impolite and not act according to existing ethics. Persit members who are in lower positions have a bad taste and are reluctant towards members who are in higher positions, both when talking and when sitting. Persit-KCK members with low positions speak more standard language and tend to avoid talking about Persit members with higher positions. |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Poerana, A.F.; Suminar, J.R.; Hadisiwi, P.; Rizal, E. Symbolic Interactionism and Communication Patterns: Insights from Army Wives Union Organizations (Persit-KCK), Indonesia. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030172
Poerana AF, Suminar JR, Hadisiwi P, Rizal E. Symbolic Interactionism and Communication Patterns: Insights from Army Wives Union Organizations (Persit-KCK), Indonesia. Social Sciences. 2023; 12(3):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030172
Chicago/Turabian StylePoerana, Ana Fitriana, Jenny Ratna Suminar, Purwanti Hadisiwi, and Edwin Rizal. 2023. "Symbolic Interactionism and Communication Patterns: Insights from Army Wives Union Organizations (Persit-KCK), Indonesia" Social Sciences 12, no. 3: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030172