Between an Acknowledgment of Immigration and Neglect? Assessing Interculturalism and Media Integration in Luxembourg
Abstract
:1. Introduction
while most European governments have moved in the direction of an interculturalist paradigm focused on the local governance it is interesting that their anti-multiculturalist rhetoric has not been substituted by interculturalism, disregarding their being signatories to the Council of Europe’s promotion of interculturalism”.
- (a)
- In its focus on a local dimension, moving from a state-centered approach to a local-centered approach in diversity policies (Zapata-Barrero 2015);
- (b)
- In its stance towards immigration as a resource;
- (c)
- In its meaningful (positive) interaction aspect;
- (d)
- In its fundamental element of equality and access to citizenship.
However, it would be inappropriate to make Luxembourgish the sole criterion for Luxembourgish nationality (…) A nation is not based solely on a common language (…) it is based first and foremost on the desire (…) to live together. (…) There can be no nation without solidarity; there can be no nation without the recognition of a higher general interest(Trausch 1985).
2. Methods
- (1)
- The group RTL, which is also vested with a state mission (Kies et al. 2022), in this instance particularly its news content web page RTL Lëtzebuerg;
- (2)
- The newspaper Luxemburger Wort13 (belonging to the Mediahuis editorial group, audience of 136,800 (TNS ILRES 2020));
- (3)
- Tageblatt,14 (part of Editpress), which allowed us to include an historical newspaper aimed, primarily, although not exclusively, at a local audience: Luxembourg’s second largest city Esch-sur-Alzette, where 120 different nationalities live side by side.
- (4)
- Finally, we chose to include De Lëtzebuerger Land, an independent newspaper15 that, despite having smaller circulation numbers (16,90016), deserved our attention because of its positioning with regards to Luxembourgish society and politics when trying to understand the different editorial stances in the discourse regarding migrants and refugees.
- (a)
- The difficulty in finding independent minority media24 (or at least whose circulation/audiences are significant outside the above-mentioned editorial groups);
- (b)
- The realisation by such editorial groups that a market for minority media exists and is coveted.
Obviously, the idea of starting this series [Les Portugais du Luxembourg, short videos] was prompted by an observation: content on the subject has always generated a lot of clicks on our sites. (…) any content linked to the Portuguese community in any form (portraits, the Wiltz pilgrimage, historical or sociological subjects) systematically makes it into our top 10 most-read articles, and more often than not into the top 5 (Interview with Jerome Didelot, freelance journalist at RTL Infos
3. Representation, Framing, and Focus of Migrants
Content Assessment
Do you seriously believe that Luxembourgers will sit down with non-Luxembourgers at the weekend in a course in which the country’s political system is explained to them? (Luxemburger Wort, Interview with Minister Corinne Cahen,
Minority Media
4. Results: Mixed Narratives on Immigration and Refugees
5. Conclusions—Together or Side by Side?
the existence of parallel societies within Luxembourg, often operating independently of each other (…) the absence of the Luxembourgish language automatically results in exclusion from many aspects of everyday social life. Luxembourg is a small country, akin to a bubble, and without knowledge of the language, one finds themselves encased in a bubble within a bubble”
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The old Integration Act (Integrationsgesetz) of 2008 is to be replaced by the new Act on Intercultural Coexistence—a text that should mark the culmination of almost ten years of work in the Ministry of Integration for Minister of Integration Corinne Cahen (DP). |
2 | Some of the most informed contemporary debates and studies on multiculturalism and interculturalism cannot be viewed separately from the different perspectives that Canadian scholarship has to offer on the matter. For a thorough understanding, see (Kymlicka 2015; Taylor 2012; Bouchard and Taylor 2008). |
3 | For the sake of clarity, we will be referring to the host society as the majority and foreign residents as minorities. |
4 | If we remove the Luxembourgers from the population equation and consider only foreigners, the weight of the Portuguese community (30.8%) is significant. In Luxembourg, one in every three foreign residents is of Portuguese nationality, and there are municipalities where the percentage of Portuguese among foreigners reaches 70%. |
5 | Very rooted in historical tradition, despite Luxembourgish being an official language since 1984, literacy in public schools is still held in German. With the support of the current Ministry of Education, a French-language literacy curriculum has been launched with a pilot project in some schools in south of Luxembourg as well as with the introduction of a few public international schools scattered (where pupils can choose their main literacy language between German, French, and English) around the country. Despite an increased acknowledgment of the need for a change, progress in making the offer widespread is slow. The use of German, besides its literacy function, is relegated to that of the national print media. Overall, the German language has been losing ground to French language in the past few decades (Fehlen 2013) and is progressively being abandoned in official administrative communications with the public. The decay in the use of the German language along with its effect on the school results of children from migratory backgrounds has, after decades, been acknowledged by the Ministry of Education, which is slowly adapting the education system to allow an at least parallel offer of education curricula in French. For more on the history of the evolution of the German language in Luxembourg, see (Sieburg 2013). |
6 | “Allowing pupils to be taught in one main language of their choice could greatly improve results, European Commission report recommends”, the Luxembourg Times reports (Velasquez 2023). |
7 | Exponents from both the Democratic Party (DP) and the Socialist Party (LSAP) advocate for a wider offer of public schools offering a curriculum in French to meet the needs of an ever-growing immigrant population. |
8 | “Trilingualism is a phenomenon of great concern to Luxembourgers. Most of them are very attached to it, but wonder what consequences it has on their psyche (…) Some even express themselves remarkably in French or German, but rarely in both (…) Plurilingualism has been blamed for a certain sterility in literature and a lack of creative inspiration”. (Trausch 2007). |
9 | The more conservative population expresses concerns about the widening of the offer of a literacy path in French, whereas the new Luxembourgers, and among them those of migratory background, are in favour of a literacy path in the language the child is more familiar with. The latter has been namely supported by significant academic research as well as gathering political support from the center and the left political parties. |
10 | Although having full political recognition, Luxembourgish struggles to assert and “emancipate” itself from German as a support literacy language. |
11 | A note on terminology: Like all other language choices on this topic, (community, ethnic, or diasporic,) the term minority is imperfect, but nevertheless the most appropriate to represent the realities that we here want to differentiate. |
12 | Intercultural media integration builds upon the core elements of interculturalism, of which the active acceptance of the necessity of immigration and the advocacy for dual citizenship are perceived as key elements in a successful integration process. With regard to access to nationality, Luxembourg has shown a “Copernican revolution ” (Scuto 2023) by facilitating access to nationality in the past few decades. |
13 | Its audience being traditionally conservative and Catholic, historically close to the centre right wing party CSV. |
14 | Tageblatt is the second largest newspaper in Luxembourg, behind Luxemburger Wort. At its inception, the newspaper was directed by one of Luxembourg’s finest intellectuals of the interwar period, Frantz Clément. The Escher Tageblatt, being located at the heart of the southern industrial region, started out as a socialist newspaper and has ever since kept a left-wing blueprint to it. |
15 | “Since it was founded in 1954, by Carlo Hemmer, Lëtzebuerger Land was intended to fill the void created by the disappearance of the pre-war liberal press and to provide a forum for writers who did not want to express themselves in the partisan dailies. (…) From the outset, the paper tried to differentiate itself from the daily press through its detailed analytical articles and high-level discussion forums. Although the Lëtzebuerger Land was initially suspected of being an organ of big industry, it has always opened its pages to social and ecological issues.” (Extract from the newspaper’s history webpage, available at https://www.land.lu/online/www/menu_content/history/FRE/index.html (accessed on 13 July 2023). |
16 | Source: (TNS ILRES 2020). |
17 | For instance, L’essentiel, a free daily belonging to the Editpress group, and le Quotidien, a French-language newspaper with a circulation of 21,200. |
18 | All three newspapers will typically include some articles, columns or opinions in the French language too, in their weekly print and digital editions, in the case of Luxemburger Wort to a lesser extent. |
19 | RTL Lëtzebuerg displays content in Luxembourgish, whereas its “sister” webpages RTL Infos and RTL Today display content in French and English, respectively. |
20 | Digital accesses excluded. |
21 | Not in circulation at the time of the survey TNS. |
22 | Circulation of 7500 in 2022 of its monthly magazine versions. Digital audience numbers not available. |
23 | See Note 16 above. |
24 | In Luxembourg, there is one independent community media, Radio ARA, which is state-funded with an outreach to different communities in multiple languages: English, Spanish, Arabic, and Italian. |
25 | Both English-language weeklies Paperjam and Delano address the international community; their editorial line focuses on business life and national issues with “interviews with expats and presents local decision-makers” (according to its editorial line). |
26 | We hereby, naturally, exclude second- and third-generation Luxembourgish–Portuguese. Included are, thus, the first generation of Portuguese and a new wave of Portuguese who have been steadily reaching Luxembourg for the past 15/20 years and for whom their first foreign language is English. For more on the nuances of the different clusters of Portuguese immigration, see Aline Schiltz (Schiltz 2018) and the work of Heidi Martins and Anne Carolina Ramos (Ramos and Martins 2020). |
27 | Accessing content on the RTL platforms necessarily included video content, as they are an integral part of the digital products developed by RTL in the last few years. |
28 | With the exceptions of the weekends of 1–2 April and 27–28 May for the paper versions of Wort and Tageblatt. |
29 | In the original: Glauben Sie im Ernst, dass Luxemburger sich am Wochenende mit nicht Luxemburgern in einen Kurs setzen werden, in dem ihnen das politische System des Landes erklärt wird? |
30 | Total of 2268 requests for international protection in 2022. Source: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et européennes, Direction de l’immigration. |
31 | From Virgule’s website: “A new logo and a new identity, but the same concern: to offer quality journalism to French-speaking readers living in France and cross-border workers.” |
32 | Unsurprisingly, subscriptions for each of the media outlets owned by Mediahuis need to be made separately, and there is no overall subscription covering all four: Luxembourger Wort, Contacto, Virgule, and Luxembourg Times. |
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Minority Media | Mainstream Majority Media |
Contacto—daily digital content in Portuguese language, Mediahuis groupAudience: 47,00020 | Luxemburger Wort—Daily newspaper with a circulation of 148,300 (paper and digital versions included), in German language, Mediahuis group |
Virgule—daily digital content in French language, Mediahuis group21 | RTL Lëtzebuerg—daily digital content in Luxembourgish, |
Luxembourg Times—daily digital content in English belonging to Mediahuis group22 | D’Letzebuerger Land—weekly newspaper with contributions in (mostly) German, French and occasionally in English, circulation of 16,90023 (independent publisher) |
RTL Today—daily digital content in English | Tageblatt—daily local newspaper mostly in German with contributions in French, circulation of 32,000 (Group editpress) |
RTL Infos—daily digital content in French |
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Cascao, S. Between an Acknowledgment of Immigration and Neglect? Assessing Interculturalism and Media Integration in Luxembourg. Soc. Sci. 2023, 12, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12110589
Cascao S. Between an Acknowledgment of Immigration and Neglect? Assessing Interculturalism and Media Integration in Luxembourg. Social Sciences. 2023; 12(11):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12110589
Chicago/Turabian StyleCascao, Suzana. 2023. "Between an Acknowledgment of Immigration and Neglect? Assessing Interculturalism and Media Integration in Luxembourg" Social Sciences 12, no. 11: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12110589