Croatian Serb Culture, Language, and Minority Education Rights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Serb Minority in Croatia
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Monopolisation
What we have managed to do to some extent is that we have formed an independent sector in the Ministry of Education for minority education. This is the first time so far. There was an assistant position but there was no organisationall unit in the Ministry to deal with it. So that is what we will continue doing, fighting for education of the people, and for preparing textbooks.[Interviewee 12, 3 August 2018]
Serbs from Croatia are indeed slowly disappearing from these areas where they lived. There is no other name for it. Numbers dwindle away and quality has long since melted away. Many settlements are already empty, and the rest will soon be almost empty, and what more now and when they do not have that ground because it was the source of our language, the Ijekavica of the Krajina region, as Okuka called it, the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect of Serbian. And when that base is missing, we are left with just a little bit of literature and what we have written so far. And we wrote relatively little of that linguistic treasure.[Interviewee 11, 27 July 2018]
Look, since I’m not just working in an environment where I have to use these new words, I don’t use them exactly. I don’t use them since, you know, I don’t hang out with this circle of people, I don’t do that certain job. I don’t know how to tell you, the one who deals with government, or something, that I have to use these new words, so I do not really use it.[Interviewee 16, 16 December 2019]
4.2. Expansion
Every historical conflict returns. Our experience with the Serbian language is that the Charter (ECRML) encourages the establishment of a school that will teach the minority language. And that works in Istria for the Italian language because Croats, Italians, and Muslims enroll in those schools, but the same policy in Vukovar is not good. In other words, you allow Serb children, members of the Serb minority, to study Serbian literature in schools that speak Serbian, but you ended up with new segregation and encouraged segregation and mistrust, so a good idea maybe must not always end well.[Interviewee 8, 14 May 2018]
It just seems logical that they would move to Novi Sad or Belgrade to study and look for a job. Zagreb is a bit too far for them, Novi Sad is still very close and most of them go to study in Novi Sad, most often or in Belgrade. [They are] looking for a job, so that is geography again. I consider that geography plays a major role in their language as well. As [they] rely on people who speak Ekavian and that truly Serbian language, that is why.23And the further we move towards the interior of Croatia, the more that moment is lost.[Interviewee 3, 3 May 2018]
When you ask Serbs in Croatia what their homeland is, those in Eastern Slavonia will tell you in Baranja that their homeland is Serbia (not all of them). However, if you ask these people in western Slavonia or in the region of northwestern Croatia and even in Banija, Kordun, and Lika, perhaps less in the Dalmatian hinterland, because they will also say that Serbia is partly their homeland, you will rarely get the answer that Serbia is their homeland.[Interviewee 1, 2 May 2018]
4.3. Expulsion
Few people write in Cyrillic in Croatia, but if there is a law that it is a right in Vukovar if over a third of the population writes in Cyrillic, then it must be respected even if no one writes it. So, it is a matter of obeying the law and respecting someone else who lives there as well.[Interviewee 4, 3 May 2018]
4.4. Protection
This is a problem in that sense, so linguistic rights are involved. Regardless of the degree of difference, I am not enthusiastic about these differences. I do not think they are good, and for whom? But since Croatian language politics is of a directive authoritarian type which aims to distance the standard Croatian language as far as possible from the previous version (Serbo-Croatian) and it does so by intervening in language, by some kind of linguistic inventive, then that sort of argument [] uses is not valid as it is not recognised in Eastern Slavonia, and obviously, when it comes to teaching Cyrillic script and content in Serbian in Croatia, it is something that should be different. So, if Serbs use two standard linguistic expressions, and they use one is Ijekavian and the other Ekavian, one is referred to as Western and the other as Eastern, then they should be allowed to do so and they should not be limited in their right.[Interviewee 12, 3 August 2018]
I look at new coins from a functional point of view, that is, if it is clearly visible that they are serving as a substitute for “undesirable” words, especially if their use is imposed by the institutions, I consider this an interference with private linguistic identity and linguistic freedom generally.[Interviewee 17, 12 February 2020]
Yes, because they are Ekavians, but they are Ekavians at the dialect level. In my opinion, they have the right to speak like that in schools, but at the level of the standard language, I think they should speak standard Croatian. Because they are a minority and within the Serb minority. And if they were looking for Ekavian, then they would actually stand out from the majority of Serbs in Croatia, the vast majority. They may stand out but I don’t know the numbers. But I must say that the Vukovar-Srijem Serbs, as many as there are, are perhaps 10 percent of the total number of Serbs in Croatia. Maybe fewer who speak Ekavian. And now, if they wanted to, then they would be like some kind of sub-Serb identity that would stand out from Pupovac. Not only from me, but also from 90 percent, maybe more, of my compatriots in Croatia who find it natural to speak Ljiepo, Bijelo, Realizirati and Konkretizirati. And it is a dialect.[Interviewee 2, 2 May 2018]
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Name | Gender | Current Age | Profession | Ethnicity | Region of Origin | Date/Media | Number of In-Text Citations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cited in the article | |||||||
Interviewee 1 | Male | 30 s | Historian, postdoctoral researcher | Croat | Northwest Croatia | 2 May 2018 Recorded | 1 |
Interviewee 2 | Male | 60 s | University professor of linguistics and political science | Croat | Southern Dalmatia | 2 May 2018 Recorded | 1 |
Interviewee 3 | Male | 40 s | Journalist, writer | Croat | Bosnia and Hercegovina | 3 May 2018 Recorded | 1 |
Interviewee 4 | Male | 50 s | University professor in political science, writer | Serb/ Croat | Central Croatia | 3 May 2018 Recorded | 2 |
Interviewee 8 | Female | 60 s | University professor of law | Croat | Istria | 14 May 2018 Recorded | 1 |
Interviewee 11 | Male | 60 s | Writer | Serb | Kordun | 27 July 2018 1 August 2018 Recorded | 1 |
Interviewee 12 | Male | 60 s | University professor of linguistics | Serb | Northern Dalmatia | 3 August 2018 Recorded | 2 |
Interviewee 16 | Female | 30 s | Cook | Serb | Kordun | 16 December 2019 Recorded | 1 |
Interviewee 17 | Male | 30 s | NGO work | Croat | Southern Dalmatia | 12 February 2020 | 1 |
Interviewee 20 | Female | 50 s | Serbian language teacher | Serb | Lika | 19 June 2020 Telephone call | 1 |
Interviewee 21 | Female | 30 s | MA in Education | Serb | Western Slavonia | 20 September 2021 Zoom call | 1 |
Interviewee 22 | Male | 40 s | General manager at Nansen Dialogue Centre | Serb/ Croat | Eastern Slavonia | 16 September 2021 Zoom call | 1 |
Interviewee 24 | Male | 40 s | Doctoral student in the political economy of technology | Croat | Central Croatia | 5 May 2017 Facebook chat | 1 |
Not cited in the article | |||||||
Interviewee 5 | Female | 30 s | Doctoral student in linguistics | Serb | Southern Dalmatia | 4 May 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 6 | Male | 40 s | Historian, writer | Serb | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4 May 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 7 | Male | 30 s | Doctoral student in history | Serb | Southern Dalmatia | 7 May 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 9 | Male | 70 s | Emeritus Professor in Serbian literature | Serb | Lika/Bosna and Herzegovina | 2 July 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 10 | Female | 30 s | Works at Prosvjeta | Serb/ Croat | Eastern Slavonia | 13 July 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 13 | Female | 50 s | Director of NGO Documenta | Slovene | Slovenia | 6 August 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 14 | Male | 40 s | Lawyer at Prosvjeta | Serb | Lika | 8 August 2018 Recorded | |
Interviewee 15 | Male | 40 s | Economist | Serb | Kordun | 5 January 2020 | |
Interviewee 18 | Male | 40 s | Head of Supply Chain | Croat | Banija | 13 February 2020 | |
Interviewee 19 | Male | 20 s | Student of philosophy | Serb | Eastern Slavonia | 28 May 2020 | |
Interviewee 23 | Female | 30 s | Serbian language teacher | Serb | Eastern Slavonia | 20 September 2021 Zoom call |
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Reports | Sixth Report of the Committee of Experts in Respect of Croatia (Council of Europe 2020). | Explanatory Report to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (Council of Europe 1992). | Application of the Charter in Croatia (Fifth Monitoring Cycle) (Council of Europe 2015). |
Serb National Council Report | ‘Historic Revisionism, Hate Speech and Violence against Serbs in 2020′ (Ponoš 2021). | ||
Legal texts | Constitution of Croatia | The Act on Education in the Language and Script of National Minorities | Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities |
Law on Education in Primary and Secondary School | Ordinance on the appropriate type of education of teachers and professional associates in primary school. | Law on the Use of Languages and Scripts of National Minorities in Croatia |
1 | Ustavni zakon o pravima nacionalnih manjina [Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities]. 23 December 2002 (last amended 28 June 2010). Available online: https://narodne-novine.nn.hr (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
2 | For a full text version, see: Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu. |
3 | Zakon o odgoju i obrazovanju na jeziku i pismu nacionalnih manjina. 19 May 2000 (last amended 6 June 2000). Available online: https://narodne-novine.nn.hr (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
4 | Zakon o lokalnoj i područnoj (regionalnoj) samoupravi. 11 April 2001 (last amended 23 December 2020). Available online: https://narodne-novine.nn.hr (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
5 | Population by mother tongue census 2011 showed that out of 186,633 Serbs, 52,879 spoke Serbian, 7822 Serbo-Croatian, and 3059 Croato-Serbian (Croatian Bureau of Statistics 2013, p. 12). |
6 | Štokavian dialects are the most widespread dialects of the Central South Slavic area and they are divided into Ijekavian, Ikavian, and Ekavian dialects according to the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic vowel jat (ĕ) (there are also certain lexical and stylistic differences, as well as morphological and syntactic features). ‘In Ikavian, the reflex is i, in Ekavian, the reflex is e, and in Ijekavian, the reflex is ije (<long jat) or je (<short jat). Thus, the Proto-Slavic *lĕp- (beautiful) > lip, lep or lijep, …’ occurs (Gustavsson 2009, p. 16). |
7 | This is a reformed curriculum based on the European Bildung-Didaktik theory (Wang 2019, p. 13), which places stronger emphasis on teacher autonomy and individual freedom as well as on the issues of teaching and learning goals. |
8 | There were 3728 criminal cases brought against persons committing criminal offenses during or after the military-police Operation Storm, and 2380 convictions were handed down by the competent courts (DORH 2017). |
9 | Zakon o područjima posebne državne skrbi. 23 July 2008 (last amended 1 January 2019). Available online: https://www.zakon.hr/ (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
10 | Zakon o uporabi jezika i pisma nacionalnih manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj. 19 May 2000 (last amended 16 March 2012). Available online: https://narodne-novine.nn.hr (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
11 | Documenta, available at https://documenta.hr/en (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
12 | Serb National Council, available at https://snv.hr/en/about-the-council/councils-structure/ (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
13 | SKD Prosvjeta, available at http://skd-prosvjeta.hr/ (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
14 | Arhiv Srba, available at https://snv.hr/?s=Arhiv+Srba (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
15 | Kešina, Ana (Director, National Programmes Sector, Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia). 2021. E-mail message to the author, November 16. |
16 | Pravilnik o odgovarajućoj vrsti obrazovanja učitelja i stručnih suradnika u osnovnoj školi. 18 January 2019 (last amended 1 July 2020). Available online: https://narodne-novine.nn.hr (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
17 | In Serbia, no noteworthy attempts have been made to influence the internal development of the language. By contrast, Croatian has been the object of linguistic engineering (Bugarski 2004, p. 8). |
18 | Kešina, Ana (Director, National Programmes Sector, Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia). 2021. E-mail message to the author, September 14. |
19 | Zakon o odgoju i obrazovanju u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi (Pročišćeni tekst). 16 November 2012. Available online: https://narodne-novine.nn.hr (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
20 | Kešina, Ana (Director, National Programmes Sector, Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia). 2021. E-mail message to the author, September 14. |
21 | Đorđević, Igor (General manager, Nansen Dialogue Centre, Osijek, Croatia). 2021. In a Zoom discussion with the author, September 16. |
22 | The largest Serb minority newspaper known for its high journalistic style and the article topics that are critical of and satirical of Croatian political and cultural scenes. |
23 | Authentic Serbian is the Neo-Štokavian Ekavian dialect spoken in a very compact area within the territory of the Republic of Serbia, centred in the Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect region, where Serbia’s main cultural centres are located (R.D. Greenberg 2004, p. 78). |
24 | Memory of the World, available at https://otpisane.memoryoftheworld.org (accessed on 27 March 2022). |
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Paravina, A. Croatian Serb Culture, Language, and Minority Education Rights. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070275
Paravina A. Croatian Serb Culture, Language, and Minority Education Rights. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(7):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070275
Chicago/Turabian StyleParavina, Aleksandra. 2022. "Croatian Serb Culture, Language, and Minority Education Rights" Social Sciences 11, no. 7: 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070275