Smartphone Moves: How Changes in Embodied Configuration with One’s Smartphone Adjust Conversational Engagement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Engaging with a Smartphone vs. a Human Participant
1.2. Smartphones and Multiple Involvements
1.3. Interacting with Smartphones
1.4. Embodied Engagement in Social Interaction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conversation Analysis
2.1.1. Storytelling Sequence
2.1.2. Transcription in Conversation Analysis
2.2. Data
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. New Classification and Transcription System for Smartphone Use in Social Situations
- Location of the phone (e.g., pocket, bag, hands, table, or another surface);
- Direction of the phone’s screen in relation to the user’s head or the surface the phone is resting on;
- Number of hands holding the phone or held in front of the phone.
2.5. Smartphone Moves
3. Results
3.1. Smartphone Move as a Change of Footing
3.2. Smartphone Move as a Turn-Holding Device
3.3. Smartphone Moves and Organizing the Conversational State
3.3.1. Sticky Media Device and Lack of Teller Engagement
3.3.2. Differing Disengagements
3.3.3. Smartphone Engagement as Conversational Solidarity
3.3.4. Harmonizing Engagements
3.3.5. Possibilities for Retracting Smartphone Engagement during Storytelling
3.3.6. Two Perspectives
- Main involvement: Face-to-face interaction serving collective projects;
- Side involvement: Face-to-screen interaction serving private individual projects.
4. Discussion
4.1. Generalizability
4.2. Smartphone Moves and Schegloff’s Body Torque
4.3. Limitations of the Study
4.4. Further Research
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
word | Vocal conduct transcribed in the original language |
word | English translation of vocal conduct |
wo::rd | Stretching of a word, more colons mean more stretch |
[wo]rd | Overlapping talk |
<word> | Slower pace than in surrounding talk |
>word< | Faster pace than in surrounding talk |
word | Emphasized talk, with the number of letters bolded relating to the strength of the emphasis |
word | Quieter than surrounding talk |
( ) | Inaudible speech |
(word) | Uncertain transcription of speech difficult to hear from the recording |
wo- | Cut-off word |
(.) | Silence less than 0.2 s |
(2.3) | Duration of a silence |
hh | Audible outbreath |
.hh | Audible inbreath |
= | Latched utterances |
, | Continuing intonation, relatively steady final intonation |
. | Turn-final intonation, lowering final intonation |
? | Rising intonation at the end of a prosodic entity |
TD-HF | Capitalized initials of smartphone positions in superscript among the transcribed vocal conduct mark the timing of smartphone moves. The smartphone is here moved from lying on the table screen downwards, i.e., the TableDown (TD) position, to being held with one hand with the screen pointing towards user’s head, i.e., the HandFace (HF) position. |
→ | Marks the beginning of the movements necessary to begin a smartphone move. |
TD- | Marks the beginning of a smartphone move when there is transcribed conduct between the move’s beginning and end. |
HF | Marks the end of a smartphone move. |
CTD- | When transcription of a smartphone position has three letters instead of two, the move is done by someone other than the person talking on this line. The first letter indicates the person doing the smartphone move. Here Clo begins a smartphone move from the TD position during someone else’s talk. When possible, smartphone moves are always transcribed among the talk of the person doing the move. In cases of overlapping speech, the moves are only transcribed among the talk of the person doing the smartphone move. |
-CHF | Marks the end of a smartphone move when the speech transcribed on the line is not from the person doing the move. Here Clo finishes a smartphone move to the HandFace position during someone else’s talk. |
clo | The line transcribes the orientation of Clo’s head. |
,,,,,,,,, | Moving corporal orientation towards its eventual direction |
......... | Moving corporal orientation away from its previous direction |
ccccc | Corporal orientation directed at Clo |
llllllll | Corporal orientation directed at Liz |
dddd | Corporal orientation directed at Deb |
ssssss | Corporal orientation directed at one’s smartphone |
⇩ | Indicates the exact moment of the screen capture above it |
deb: | The participant doing the action is identified in small characters. |
+ | The participant’s actions are indicated by the same symbol on each line. |
>>- | The action described began before the excerpt’s start. |
Appendix B
1 | It is clear from the context that by “conversation-like activity”, Goffman (1971, p. 25) here meant a kind of human interaction not exactly constituting a conversation, but is similar to it. He did not mean interaction between a human and an object, which only shares some similarities with human interaction. |
2 | The segments here do not refer to linguistic segments, but rather numbered segments of transcribed multimodal conduct replacing the numbering of lines of transcription. |
3 | The photos are of the author’s personal friend who offered to re-enact the smarpthone positions found in the data for demonstrative use. For more smartphone positions appearing in the data per se, the reader is directed to a poster presented at the 17th International Pragmatics Conference in 2021 in Winterthur, Switzerland (Mantere 2021). |
4 | Other parameters for smartphone positions, like a state of a smartphone wallet, are occasionally relevant in the data. They were excluded from the standard classification due to not being ubiquitous like the three parameters chosen. |
References
- adjoe GmbH. 2021. Average Daily Time Spent by Users in the United States on Mobile Apps from October 2020 to March 2021, by Category (in Minutes). Chart. October 29 Statista. Available online: https://www-statista-com.libproxy.tuni.fi/statistics/1272859/us-mobile-apps-time-spent-daily/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Arminen, Ilkka. 2007. Review Essay Mobile Communication Society? Acta Sociologica 50: 431–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayaß, Ruth. 2014. Using media as involvement shields. Journal of Pragmatics 72: 5–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berger, Israel, Rowena Viney, and John P. Rae. 2016. Do continuing states of incipient talk exist? Journal of Pragmatics 91: 29–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clayman, Steven E. 2015. Ethnomethodology, General. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Edited by James D. Wright. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 203–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DenBleyker, Rob. 2010. Cyanide and Happiness 25.6.2010 [Comic Strip]. Available online: https://explosm.net/comics/2091/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Didomenico, Stephen, and Jeffrey Boase. 2013. Bringing Mobiles into the Conversation: Applying a Conversation Analytic Approach to the Study of Mobiles in Co-Present Interaction. In Discourse 2.0: Language and New Media. Edited by Deborah Tannen and Anna M. Trester. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, pp. 119–32. [Google Scholar]
- DiDomenico, Stephen M., Joshua Raclaw, and Jessica S. Robles. 2018. Attending to the Mobile Text Summons: Managing Multiple Communicative Activities across Physically Copresent and Technologically Mediated Interpersonal Interactions. Communication Research 47: 669–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducharme, Jamie. 2018. “Phubbing” Is Hurting Your Relationships. Here’s What It Is. TIME. Available online: http://time.com/5216853/what-is-phubbing/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Dwyer, Ryan J., Kostadin Kushlev, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. 2018. Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 78: 233–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- eMarketer. 2019. Time Spent on Mobile Devices Every Day in the United States from 2014 to 2021, in Statista. Available online: https://www-statista-com.libproxy.tuni.fi/statistics/1045353/mobile-device-daily-usage-time-in-the-us/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Ergul, Hatice. 2016. Adjournments during TV watching: A closer look into the organisation of continuing states of incipient talk. Discourse Studies 18: 144–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figeac, Julien, and Johann Chaulet. 2018. Video-ethnography of social media apps’ connection cues in public settings. Mobile Media and Communication 6: 407–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finnish National Board on Research Integrity. 2019. TENK Guidelines. The Ethical Principles of Research with Human Participants and Ethical Review in the Human Sciences in Finland. Available online: https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Fox, Barbara. 1993. The Human Tutorial Dialogue Project/Barbara A Fox. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [Google Scholar]
- Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Hoboken: Prentice-Hall. [Google Scholar]
- Goffman, Erving. 1955. On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 18: 213–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goffman, Erving. 1963. Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. New York: Free Press. [Google Scholar]
- Goffman, Erving. 1964. The Neglected Situation. American Anthropologist 66: DEC-136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goffman, Erving. 1971. Relations in Public. Manhattan: Harper and Row. [Google Scholar]
- Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Google Scholar]
- Goodwin, Charles. 1980. Restarts, Pauses, and the Achievement of a State of Mutual Gaze at Turn-Beginning. Sociological Inquiry 50: 272–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodwin, Charles. 1981. Conversational Organization: Interaction between Speakers and Hearers. Cambridge: Academic Press. [Google Scholar]
- Goodwin, Charles. 1987. Unilateral Departure. In Talk and Social Organisation. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, vol. 1, pp. 206–16. [Google Scholar]
- Goodwin, Charles. 2000. Action and embodiment within situated human interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 32: 1489–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodwin, Charles. 2006. Interactive Footing. In Reporting Talk: Reported Speech in Interaction. Edited by E. Holt and R. Clift. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodwin, Charles, and Marjorie H. Goodwin. 2005. Participation. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 222–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gray, Chris H., Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera, and Steven Mentor. 2020. Modified: Living as a Cyborg. Abingdon: Taylorand Francis. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haddington, Pentti, Tiina Keisanen, Lorenza Mondada, and Maurice Nevile. 2014. Multiactivity in Social Interaction: Beyond Multitasking. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
- Hampton, Keith N., Oren Livio, and Lauren S. Goulet. 2010. The Social Life of Wireless Urban Spaces: Internet Use, Social Networks, and the Public Realm. Journal of Communication 60: 701–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Have, Paul T. 2011. Doing Conversation Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Henriksen, Ida M., Marianne Skaar, and Aksel Tjora. 2020. The Constitutive Practices of Public Smartphone Use. Societies 10: 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heritage, John. 1984. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press. [Google Scholar]
- Hume, David. 1739. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Google Scholar]
- Humphreys, Lee. 2005. Cellphones in public: Social interactions in a wireless era. New Media and Society 7: 810–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Humphreys, Lee, and Hazim Hardeman. 2021. Mobiles in public: Social interaction in a smartphone era. Mobile Media and Communication 9: 103–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ictech, Brad. 2019. Smartphones and Face-to-Face Interaction: Digital Cross-Talk During Encounters in Everyday Life. Symbolic Interaction 42: 27–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jefferson, Gail. 2004. Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In Conversation Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Available online: https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027295286-02jef (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Jensen, Klaus B. 2016. Metamedium. In The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laurier, Eric, Barry Brown, and Moira McGregor. 2016. Mediated Pedestrian Mobility: Walking and the Map App. Mobilities 11: 117–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Licoppe, Christian. 2004. ‘Connected’ Presence: The Emergence of a New Repertoire for Managing Social Relationships in a Changing Communication Technoscape. Environment and Planning. D, Society & Space 22: 135–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Licoppe, Christian, and Julien Figeac. 2018. Gaze Patterns and the Temporal Organization of Multiple Activities in Mobile Smartphone Uses. Human-Computer Interaction 33: 311–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ling, Richard. 2008. New Tech, New Ties: How Mobile Communication is Reshaping Social Cohesion. Cambridge: MIT Press. [Google Scholar]
- Ling, Richard. 2012. Taken for Grantedness: The Embedding of Mobile Communication into Society. Cambridge: MIT Press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mandelbaum, Jenny. 2003. How to “Do Things” with Narrative: A Communication Perspective on Narrative Skill. In Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills. Edited by J. O. Greene and B. R. Burleson. London: Routledge, pp. 613–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mantere, Eerik. 2021. Smartphone Moves as Adjustments of Face-to-Face Engagement. Poster presented at 17th International Pragmatics Conference, Winterthur, Switzerland, June 27–July 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mantere, Eerik, and Sanna Raudaskoski. 2017. Sticky Media Device. In Media, Family Interaction and the Digitalization of Childhood. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 135–54. [Google Scholar]
- Mantere, Eerik, Nina Savela, and Atte Oksanen. 2021. Phubbing and Social Intelligence: Role-Playing Experiment on Bystander Inaccessibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18: 10035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molina, Brett. 2017. When our smartphones leave us out of touch. USA Today. August 8. Available online: https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/08/04/smartphones-distracted-walking-iphone-while-parenting-we-out-touch/519452001/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Mondada, Lorenza. 2007. Multimodal resources for turn-taking: Pointing and the emergence of possible next speakers. Discourse Studies 9: 194–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nevile, Maurice, Pentti Haddington, Trine Heinemann, and Mirka Rauniomaa. 2014. Interacting with Objects: Language, Materiality, and Social Activity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
- Perez, Sarah. 2020. App stores saw record 204 billion app downloads in 2019, consumer spend of $120 billion. TechCrunch. January 15. Available online: https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/15/app-stores-saw-record-204-billion-app-downloads-in-2019-consumer-spend-of-120-billion/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Pew Research Center. 2015. Americans’ Views on Mobile Etiquette|Pew Research Center. Available online: https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/26/americans-views-on-mobile-etiquette/ (accessed on 21 February 2022).
- Pillet-Shore, Danielle. 2017. Preference Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pomerantz, Anita. 1985. Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments: Some Features of Preferred/Dispreferred Turn Shapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pomerantz, Anita. 1986. Extreme Case Formulations: A Way of Legitimizing Claims. Human Studies 9: 219–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pomerantz, Anita, and John Heritage. 2012. Preference. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 210–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raclaw, Joshua, Jessica S. Robles, and Stephen M. DiDomenico. 2016. Providing Epistemic Support for Assessments Through Mobile-Supported Sharing Activities. Research on Language and Social Interaction 49: 362–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roberts, James A., and Meredith E. David. 2016. My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior 54: 134–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossano, Federico. 2012. Gaze Behavior in Face-to-Face Interaction. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen. [Google Scholar]
- Rotondi, Valentina, Luca Stanca, and Miriam Tomasuolo. 2017. Connecting alone: Smartphone use, quality of social interactions and well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology 63: 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sacks, Harvey, and Emanuel A. Schegloff. 2002. Home position. Gesture 2: 133–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. 1974. A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Language 50: 696–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schegloff, Emanuel. A. 1987. Analyzing single episodes of interaction: An exercise in conversation analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly 50: 101–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schegloff, Emanuel. A. 1998. Body Torque. Social Research 65: 535–96. [Google Scholar]
- Schegloff, Emanuel. A. 2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Schegloff, Emanuel. A. 2010. Commentary on stivers and rossano: “Mobilizing response”. Research on Language and Social Interaction 43: 38–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schegloff, Emanuel A., and Harvey Sacks. 1973. Opening up Closings. Semiotica 8: 289–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steiner-Adair, Catherine, and Teresa Barker. 2014. The Big Disconnect: Protecting Childhood and Family Relationships in the Digital Age. New York: Harper Paperbacks. [Google Scholar]
- Stivers, Tanya. 2008. Stance, Alignment, and Affiliation During Storytelling: When Nodding Is a Token of Affiliation. Research on Language & Social Interaction 41: 31–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tiilikainen, Sanna, and Ilkka Arminen. 2017. Together Individually. In Media, Family Interaction and the Digitalization of Childhood. Edited by Repo Katja, Tiina Mälkiä and Anja Riitta Lahikainen. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, pp. 155–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tjora, Aksel H. 2011. Invisible Whispers: Accounts of SMS Communication in Shared Physical Space. Convergence 17: 193–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turkle, Sherry. 2015. Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. New York: Penguin Press. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, Gareth. 2010. The phonetic constitution of a turn-holding practice: Rush-throughs in English talk-in-interaction. In Prosody in Interaction. Edited by D. Barth-Weingarten Elisabeth Reber and Margret Selting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., pp. 51–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, Michael J., and Shannon J. Clark. 2019. Co-Present Conversation as “Socialized Trance”: Talk, Involvement Obligations, and Smart-Phone Disruption: Conversation and Smart-Phone Disruption. Symbolic Interaction 42: 6–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weilenmann, Alexandra. 2003. “I Can’t Talk Now, I’m in a Fitting Room”: Formulating Availability and Location in Mobile-Phone Conversations. Environment and Planning A 35: 1589–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Changxu, and Yili Liu. 2008. Queuing Network Modeling of the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP). Psychological Review 115: 913–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Direction 1 | Direction 2 | Direction 3 |
---|---|---|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mantere, E. Smartphone Moves: How Changes in Embodied Configuration with One’s Smartphone Adjust Conversational Engagement. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050219
Mantere E. Smartphone Moves: How Changes in Embodied Configuration with One’s Smartphone Adjust Conversational Engagement. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(5):219. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050219
Chicago/Turabian StyleMantere, Eerik. 2022. "Smartphone Moves: How Changes in Embodied Configuration with One’s Smartphone Adjust Conversational Engagement" Social Sciences 11, no. 5: 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050219