Socioeconomic Status, Occupational Disease, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from People with Pneumoconiosis in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Variables and Measurements
2.3. Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. GSEM Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Socioeconomic Status and Clinical Characteristics of Pneumoconiosis
4.2. Clinical Characteristics of Pneumoconiosis and Psychological Well-Being
4.3. Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Well-Being
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Because of the uneven economic development among Chinese provinces, we first selected a few typical migrant-sending provinces based on the development status and the labor flow among regions. Then, we selected six of these provinces where people with pneumoconiosis are relatively concentrated based on the situation we learned of in the preliminary survey. Considering the statistical significance, we believe if over 200 samples can be collected in each province, they can reflect the status of people with pneumoconiosis in the province to a certain extent. In total, we would collect 1200 questionnaires in the selected six provinces, which met the sampling requirement of 95% confidence interval and 3% margin of error. However, in the practical survey, we did not collect 1200 questionnaires in the selected six provinces, and then we added Shaanxi to the surveyed provinces. |
2 | Three main criteria of invalid questionnaires include: (1) 10% or more of the questions were unanswered or multiple answers were chosen; (2) 3% or more of the questions had conflicting answers; (3) if more than 50% of the questions had the identical answers in two questionnaires, these two questionnaires were considered invalid. Any questionnaire meets one of the three criteria is considered invalid. |
3 | The distribution of other types of pneumoconiosis in the survey are coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (6.61%), graphite (0.35%) carbon black (0.26%), asbestos (0.18%), talc (0.35%), cement (1.06%), mica (1.59%), welding workers’ (0.62%), caster (0.35%) and other pneumoconiosis (0.71%). |
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Variables | Total Sample (with Missing Value) | Sample without Missing Value |
---|---|---|
N | 1134 | 1059 |
Endogenous variables | ||
Psychological well-being | 32.684 (7.112) | 32.533 (6.959) |
Years of engaging in dusty work (%) | 12.046 (7.151) | 12.212 (7.143) |
Stage of pneumoconiosis (%) | ||
Pneumoconiosis stage I | 28.75 | 27.48 |
Pneumoconiosis stage II | 35.54 | 36.54 |
Pneumoconiosis stage III | 17.64 | 18.60 |
Not clear about the stage | 18.08 | 17.37 |
Complications (%) | ||
No complications | 50.35 | 49.95 |
At least one complication | 36.51 | 37.87 |
Not sure whether there are complications | 13.14 | 12.18 |
Progression of pneumoconiosis stage (%) | ||
No aggravation of pneumoconiosis stage | 58.02 | 57.88 |
Aggravation of pneumoconiosis stage | 21.43 | 22.57 |
Not sure whether pneumoconiosis stage | 20.55 | 19.55 |
Current employment status (%) | ||
Work inability | 40.92 | 42.12 |
Have work ability but unemployed | 2.56 | 2.17 |
Agricultural work | 19.75 | 18.79 |
Non-agricultural work | 17.37 | 16.81 |
Retired or other situations | 19.40 | 20.11 |
Household income per month (RMB) | 1945.642 (1119.753) | 1967.505 (1127.511) |
Ln value of household income per month | 7.386 (0.634) | 7.397 (0.636) |
Self-rated family economic conditions (%) | ||
Very poor, often in debt | 33.07 | 33.43 |
Quite poor, needs careful calculation | 40.74 | 41.55 |
Average, but meets basic expenses | 24.60 | 23.80 |
Quite good | 1.59 | 1.23 |
Treatment expenditure of pneumoconiosis | 6964.027 | 6964.027 |
per year (RMB) | (6353.961) | (6353.961) |
Ln value of treatment expenditure | 8.441 (0.908) | 8.441 (0.908) |
Exogenous variables | ||
Gender (%) | ||
Female | 0.97 | 0.94 |
Male | 99.03 | 99.06 |
Marital status (%) | ||
Single, divorced or widowed | 4.59 | 4.34 |
Married | 95.41 | 95.66 |
Ethnicity (%) | ||
Minority | 2.38 | 2.46 |
Han | 97.62 | 97.54 |
Age | 53.362 (10.823) | 53.358 (10.864) |
Educational attainment (%) | ||
Primary school and below | 54.41 | 53.82 |
Middle school | 39.42 | 39.94 |
High school and above | 6.17 | 6.23 |
Hukou type (%) | ||
Rural hukou | 78.57 | 77.81 |
Urban hukou | 21.43 | 22.19 |
Residence area (%) | ||
Rural area | 78.40 | 77.71 |
Urban area | 21.60 | 22.29 |
Occupational type (%) | ||
Other relevant occupation | 10.41 | 9.92 |
Mining | 89.59 | 90.08 |
Social security subsidy per month (RMB) | 878.571 (823.236) | 903.287 (831.162) |
Ln value of social security subsidy per month | 6.235 (1.097) | 6.266 (1.104) |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dusty work a | Stage of pneumoconiosis b | Complications b | Progression of pneumoconiosis stage b | Treatment expenditure a | Current employment status b | Household income per month a | Self-rated family economic conditions b | Psychological well-being a | |
Age | 0.029 | 0.989 ! | 1.008 | 0.987 ! | −0.013 *** | 1.002 | 0.008 *** | 1.047 *** | −0.011 |
Male | 2.052 | 0.582 | 0.499 | 0.251 * | −0.366 | 0.168 ** | 0.301 ! | 0.442 | 1.071 |
Married | 2.406 ** | 0.623 ! | 1.077 | 0.868 | −0.124 | 1.508 | 0.191 * | 0.918 | 0.348 |
Han ethnicity | −1.485 | 0.292 ** | 0.729 | 0.246 *** | −0.039 | 0.685 | −0.125 | 1.257 | −0.176 |
Education level | |||||||||
Middle | −0.816 * | 0.839 | 1.044 | 1.186 | −0.049 | 0.906 | 0.046 | 0.937 | 0.814 * |
High and above | −0.722 | 0.742 | 0.893 | 1.205 | 0.074 | 0.547 ! | 0.230 ** | 2.200 ** | 0.808 |
Urban Hukou | 6.883 *** | 0.786 | 0.846 | 1.208 | −0.416 * | 6.675 *** | 0.070 | 1.031 | 1.242 |
Mining occupation | 2.815 *** | 1.572 * | 1.214 | 3.058 *** | −0.176 ! | 0.958 | −0.104 ! | 0.661 ! | −1.376 * |
Urban area | 3.556 ** | 0.281 ** | 0.842 | 0.635 | −0.212 | 14.187 *** | 0.187 | 1.009 | −0.401 |
Stage of pneumoconiosis | |||||||||
Stage II | 0.035 | 0.846 | −0.002 | 0.711 * | 0.514 | ||||
Stage III | 0.399 *** | 0.279 *** | 0.010 | 0.627 * | −0.992 | ||||
Not sure | 0.113 | 0.627 * | 0.044 | 0.557 ** | 1.399 * | ||||
Complications | |||||||||
At least one | 0.243 *** | 0.550 *** | −0.051 | 0.994 | −1.270 ** | ||||
Not sure | 0.183 * | 0.860 | −0.067 | 0.820 | −0.750 | ||||
Progression of pneumoconiosis stage | |||||||||
Aggravation | 0.109 | 1.098 | 0.052 | 1.379 ! | −1.466 ** | ||||
Not sure | −0.037 | 1.253 | −0.081 ! | 1.019 | −2.351 *** | ||||
Dusty work | 1.084 *** | 1.032 ** | 1.018 ! | 0.033 *** | 1.047 *** | 0.000 c | 0.942 *** | −0.017 | |
Treatment expenditure | −0.063 ** | 0.636 *** | −0.444 ! | ||||||
Current employment status | |||||||||
Have work ability but unemployed | −0.203 ! | 1.692 | −2.599 * | ||||||
Agricultural | 0.131 ** | 1.596 ** | 1.154 * | ||||||
Non-agricultural | 0.354 *** | 2.758 *** | 2.333 *** | ||||||
Retired or other | 0.343 *** | 3.448 *** | 0.918 | ||||||
Money from social security programs | 0.083 *** | 1.350 *** | 0.195 | ||||||
Household monthly income | 0.398 | ||||||||
Self-rated family economic conditions | |||||||||
Quite poor, needs careful calculation | 2.205 *** | ||||||||
Average, but meets basic expenses | 5.436 *** | ||||||||
Quite good | 8.333 *** | ||||||||
_cons | 3.268 | 9.328 *** | 6.476 *** | 30.434 *** |
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Deng, Z.; Tao, T.Y.; Qiao, Q. Socioeconomic Status, Occupational Disease, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from People with Pneumoconiosis in China. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010028
Deng Z, Tao TY, Qiao Q. Socioeconomic Status, Occupational Disease, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from People with Pneumoconiosis in China. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010028
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Zihong, Talia Ye Tao, and Qingmei Qiao. 2022. "Socioeconomic Status, Occupational Disease, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from People with Pneumoconiosis in China" Social Sciences 11, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010028
APA StyleDeng, Z., Tao, T. Y., & Qiao, Q. (2022). Socioeconomic Status, Occupational Disease, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from People with Pneumoconiosis in China. Social Sciences, 11(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010028