The Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection: A Spatial Approach in the Case of Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Building Blocks
3. Allocation Policies in Greece
3.1. First Reception and Long-Term Accommodation Sites for Asylum Seekers
3.2. The ESTIA Project for Vulnerable Asylum Seekers
3.3. Accommodation for Refugees
3.4. Local and Bottom-Up Initiatives for the Accommodation of People in Need of International Protection
“The transition from ESTIA to HELIOS in beneficiaries residing in Crete is quick thanks to the engagement of local actors so refugees do not stay long without income and support”.(Municipality of Chania, 24 July 2020).
4. Policies and Practices for the Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection
4.1. National Level
“There are no wage subsidies or other motives for employers to hire refugees. Asylum seekers and refugees do not have easy access to the necessary documentation to prove their skills and qualifications. They are not eligible for public procurements either”(Directorate of Social Protection, Education and Culture, Municipality of Karditsa, 16 July 2021).
“Migrant integration strategy is not adequately related to the state’s budget”(Danish Refugee Council NGO, 2 January 2020).
- The Reception Facilities for Refugee Education (RFRE), which are a pre-accession training scheme taking place in the afternoon for newly arrived residents of the temporary accommodation facilities (Law 4415/2016 n.d.). A total of 3240 students in 7 Educational Regions residing in 33 accommodation facilities were enrolled in the classes.
- The Refugee Education Coordinators (RECs) as permanent teachers, who have been placed inside the camps throughout Greece to serve as a link between refugee populations and school structures.
4.2. Local Level
“We developed a pilot project to map the skills of bilingual people, define their career orientation, prepare their CVs and help them search for available job positions. The employers at the local level expressed their interest in hiring refugees but the refugee population at the local level hasn’t always been ready to respond due to psychological issues, lack of knowledge of the Greek language or their unwillingness to stay permanently in the region”.(Educational Development Agency Ploigos, 21 July 2021).
5. Impacts of Allocation Policies on the Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection
“We provide the beneficiaries of ESTIA with psychosocial support, counseling, help with the children’s’ school enrollment, with the issuance of Tax Number and Social Security Number. We also try to help them find a job. Due to our constant contact, it is easier for them to find information and participate in educational and entertainment activities we organize for the public”(Omnes NGO, 30 September 2021).
“Social workers take care of everything in the ESTIA framework and do their best to make ESTIA integration program”(Directorate of Social Protection, Education and Culture, Municipality of Karditsa, 16 July 2021).
“ESTIA benefits the vulnerable migrant population so it is necessary that it offers urban accommodation structures with proximity to healthcare services and public transportation. As a result, ESTIA beneficiaries cannot access available job positions in rural areas”(Development Agency, Municipality of Heraklion, 21 July 2021).
“Unemployment in Greece pushes refugees towards other European Member States”(Omnes NGO, 30 September 2021).
“The knowledge of the language of the host country is a prerequisite for integration”(SOS Villages NGO, 20 July 2021).
“ESTIA provisions play a crucial role for the success stories in migrant children education and there are clear differences with the LTAS residents”(Regional Directorate of Education, Heraklion, 22 July 2021).
“Equal access to distance learning tools hasn’t been adequately addressed posing further difficulties to migrant children”(Regional Directorate of Education, Heraklion, 22 July 2021).
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Capacity | Facilities/Geography | Beneficiaries/Geography | Demographics |
---|---|---|---|
3229 containers | 10 sites in Central Macedonia | 6064 beneficiaries reside in Central Macedonia | 46.82% Afghans |
1826 apartments or rooms | 7 sites in Attica | 8517 beneficiaries reside in Attica | 24.34% Syrians |
98 other shelter units | 4 Central Greece/4 Epirus | 4019 beneficiaries reside in Central Greece/2159 beneficiaries reside in Epirus | 34% male |
20,170 registered beneficiaries | 2 Western Greece/2 Eastern Macedonia and Thrace/2 Thessaly | 154 beneficiaries reside in Western Greece/1218 beneficiaries reside in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace/1546 beneficiaries reside in Thessaly | 24% female |
4184 unregistered residents | 1 Peloponnese | 756 beneficiaries reside in Peloponnese | 42% children |
79 visitors |
Capacity (24,376 Total Places) | Facilities/Geography | Beneficiaries/Geography | Demographics |
---|---|---|---|
3732 apartments | 59% of the facilities located in Athens | 14,431 beneficiaries reside in Attica units | 36% of the beneficiaries come from Afghanistan |
225 rooms | 66% of the facilities located in cities in mainland Greece | 4221 beneficiaries reside in Central Macedonia | 28% of the beneficiaries have Syrian origin |
20 buildings | 5% of the facilities located in the islands | 1060 beneficiaries reside in Epirus | 14% of the beneficiaries are Iraqis |
1200 beneficiaries reside in Thessaly |
Beneficiaries (201,435 Total) | Beneficiaries/Geography | Demographics |
---|---|---|
37,518 families | The beneficiaries are located in 110 places | 33% of the beneficiaries are Afghans |
63,568 eligible refugees and asylum seekers | 53% of the beneficiaries reside in Athens | 13% of the beneficiaries have Syrian origin |
EUD 7.2 million disbursed via cash cards | 16% of them reside in Central Macedonia | 10% of the beneficiaries are Pakistanis |
15% of the beneficiaries are in the islands | 7% of the beneficiaries are from Iraq | |
21% of the beneficiaries are women | ||
48% of the beneficiaries are men | ||
31% of the beneficiaries are children |
2018–2019 | 2019–2020 | 2020–2021 | |
---|---|---|---|
RFREs | 113 (30 in kindergartens) | ||
Children in RFREs | 4577 | ||
RCs in primary | 1169 | 1471 | 2630 |
RCs gymnasiums and high Schools | 282 | 304 | 324 |
Total number of beneficiaries | 12,867 | ||
Asylum seekers/ beneficiaries of international protection | 8290 |
Labor Market | Education | Social Services | Social Welfare | Travel Documents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beneficiaries | Tax identification number | Unemployment card | Average distance to tax office | Enrollment in public schools | Non-formal education services | Social security number | Psychosocial support | Legal assistance | Access to health facilities | ||
LTAS | 30.05% (considerable differences between sites) | 10.03% | 13.49 km | 85.4% (12 sites have limited access to public schools due to location) | 28 sites | 73.34% | X | X | 9.19 km Average distance to nearest health facility | No | No |
ESTIA | 55% | 21% | Proximity due to the location in city centers | 73% | Usually offered in cities by civil society organizations | 39% social security number + 35% Temporary Number of Insurance and Healthcare | X | X | Proximity due to the location in city centers | No | No |
Refugees | X | X | X (plus access to universities) | X (HELIOS integration services) | X | X (HELIOS integration services) | X (HELIOS integration services) | X | X | X | |
Challenges | Unemployment, recognition of qualifications, housing shortage, cash benefits, inadequate living conditions, vocational training, willingness to remain in Greece | Recognition of qualifications, knowledge of Greek language, inadequate living conditions, access to public schools and to distance learning | Bureaucracy, knowledge of Greek language | Bureaucracy | Secondary movements within EU countries |
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Manou, D.; Blouchoutzi, A.; Papathanasiou, J. The Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection: A Spatial Approach in the Case of Greece. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120454
Manou D, Blouchoutzi A, Papathanasiou J. The Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection: A Spatial Approach in the Case of Greece. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(12):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120454
Chicago/Turabian StyleManou, Dimitra, Anastasia Blouchoutzi, and Jason Papathanasiou. 2021. "The Socioeconomic Integration of People in Need of International Protection: A Spatial Approach in the Case of Greece" Social Sciences 10, no. 12: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120454