Intergenerational Practice in the Community—What Does the Community Think?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study 1: Online Survey
2.2. Study 2: Semi-Structured Interviews with Community Members
2.2.1. Participants
2.2.2. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study 1: Online Survey
3.1.1. The Attitudes to Social Activity and Social Engagement
3.1.2. Most Participants Supported the Idea of Intergenerational Programs
3.1.3. Practicalities of Delivering Intergenerational Programs
3.2. Study 2: Semi-Structured Interviews with Community Members
3.2.1. Participant Background
Older Adults
Parents
3.2.2. Experience of Intergenerational Programs
3.2.3. Benefits
3.2.4. Loneliness and Social Isolation
3.2.5. Activities
3.2.6. Logistics and Concerns
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Profile and Aims
4.2. Aligning with Pre-Existing Theorizing
4.3. Recruitment and Community Dewelling Adults
4.4. Perceptions of Others and Possible Stereotyping
4.5. The Role of Acitivities in Relation to Children’s Ages
4.6. The Role of the Community
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Category (and Node) | Sub-Nodes |
---|---|
!DEMOGRAPHICS | Age; background; Career; Carer; gender; Interview length; Life experiences; Reside—how long; Reside—where; |
!PROGRAM LOGISTICS | Duration; don’t want it to end; duration—one off counterproductive; duration—3–4 months; Duration—after 10 weeks see you later; duration—continuing; Duration—ongoing; duration—school term time; duration—sessions; duration—six months; duration—terms; duration—semester; length of program; long-term commitment; more familiar vs lose interest; timeline; length of engagement; longer term; frequency; frequency—couple of times a week.; weekly; organization; logistics; organization—cost; organization—driving force; organization—transport; organization—whatever you think; organization—needs someone to drive it; research; lot of potential for recruitment; measures; research—part of experiment; research—recruiting people; research—successful project; research—whatever they tell us to do; Timing; afternoon; mid-morning; midday; middle of day; middle of the day; more energy in the morning; morning; not late afternoon; Timing—afternoon is nap time; Timing—afternoon nap; Timing—crazy after lunch; Timing—drop-in program; timing—include food lunch; timing—morning; timing—sleepiness after lunch; Timing—tedious too long for older people; timing—three hours too much; timing—time of day; timing—time to build rapport; Timing 10–1pm; timing longer period; when run program; venue; Venue—access; Venue—familiarity; venue—good location; venue—locality doesn’t matter where; Venue—Where; familiar; Good venue; logistics; pre-school is the perfect place for me; venue—good place; |
Achieve | achieve companionship; achievement; |
Activities | Activities—absorbing; Activities—building projects; activities—conversation while doing; Activities—crafting; activities—hearing stories; hearing stories; activities—interested in grandparents; activities—introduce old electronics; activities—learning into play; Activities—share great stories; activities—Simon says; Activities—sitting down exercises; Activities—story telling; Activities—surprise parties; Activities—table top activities; activities and learning—autism; activities play with hands; activity—engaging activity; activity—learning—trains and information; activity—Lego; Activity—singing dancing; Activity—yoga; Activities—every week activities; Activities; Activities—artwork; Activities—be involved in; Activities—blocks; Activities—books; Activities—cards; Activities—chalked outside; Activities—change activities; Activities—Children interest in learning; Activities—collage; Activities—coloring; Activities—coloring; activities—conversation; Activities—cooking; Activities—cutting and pasting; Activities—dance; dancing; activities—doing something together; activities—drama; activities—drama plays; activities—extended play; Activities—extracurricular cancelled; activities—finding out what grandparents interested in; activities—gym; Activities—hands on activities; activities—imaginative games; Activities—jobs around the house; activities—learning—view as teaching opportunity rather than social; activities—match with curriculum; activities—not just talking together; activities—not reading; activities—not singing dancing; activities—not sitting in front of TV; activities—not technology; Activities—not YouTube; Activities—one topic a day; activities—pass down stories; activities—physical activities; Activities—puzzles; Activities—reading; read books; activities—sharing; Activities—singing; activities—so long as it is fun; Activities—special outings; activities—sport; Activities—structured learning; activities—syllabus; activities—tactile; Activities—verbal story telling; activities—walk around block; activities—walking round the yard; activities—walking together; activities 0 sharing information; activity—stickers; activity—talk; Activity—playing; activities—sketching; allow for boredom; arts; background—likes tearing around and being energetic; backyard; busy; busy life; kids are already maxed; nothing to do; take time; tired; card; compulsory fun; cooking would be good; drawing; dress up; forced; games; Hands on; have a go; hobbies; hobby; listening to music; look at nature; magic tracks; making together; music and bringing together in nursing homes; New activity; no sport; not activities to do; not appropriate; not engage; not just passing information; not task oriented; Nursery Rhymes; outing or event; outside; painting; Physical; planned activities; play; problem; reading; scootering; sing; sport; stories; storytelling; strategy; talking; together; trips; want child to be bored; want to show things; writing; |
Aged care | aged care setting; leisure living; Background—educated; |
Behaviors | attention seeking; beautiful qualities; behavior—enthusiasm; behavior—Grandchildren—be ‘in’ with our grandchildren; behavior—our boy like reading; Behavior—reserved kids; behavior—she is lovely with people; Behaviors—alertness; Behaviors—aliveness; Behaviors—anger issues; behaviors—back off; behaviors—be jovial; Behaviors—be themselves; Behaviors—child enthusiastic; Behaviors—child may not gel; behaviors—children are accepting; behaviors—children do what they do; Behaviors—children funny; Behaviors—children may something rude; Behaviors—children saying things; behaviors—children shy; behaviors—children take lead; behaviors—confronted; behaviors—difficulty socializing; Behaviors—do what kids do; behaviors—does not interact; behaviors—does well with strangers; behaviors—don’t mix with old people; behaviors—don’t really want to be there; behaviors—ending relationship forget so fast; behaviors—energy; behaviors—energy they bring; Behaviors—engages with adults more than children; behaviors—full of energy; behaviors—goes a bit crazy; behaviors—must try it; behaviors—he will initiate conversation with adults not children; behaviors—manners; behaviors—mixes with adults but not older; Behaviors—older people wake up early; behaviors—racism; behaviors—say funny things; behaviors—say inappropriate stuff; behaviors—see different responses to actions; behaviors—see how he interacts with other children; behaviors—selfish—focus on me; Behaviors—selfish behavior; behaviors—sexism; place to go; politics; behaviors—shock; Behaviors—soak up a lot; Behaviors—they can be horrendous and exhausting; behaviors—they make you do things they do; behaviors—time to warm up; behaviors—try everything; behaviors—will not initiate social interaction; behaviors—will not keep interest; behaviors—will not leave our sides; bring life and light; cheeky; child brings joy;child talking and showing; confusing; cranky parents; crazy; cute; feral kids; grumpy; hard to control; interest; keep attention; kind; like; lovely; makes games out of everything; media; misbehave; miss; mutual support; no filter; patience; playful; playfulness; restless; rise to occasion; smile; stimulation; stunned; Take out; transition; unexpected; very active child; |
Benefits | Benefit—I wouldn’t get anything out of it; benefit—mutually benefits; benefit—nurture each other; Benefit—rapport and having fun; Benefit—spend time with older people; Benefit for children; Benefit—build confidence children; benefit for children2; benefit from cultural change; benefits for children; broad demographic; experiences; insights; opportunity to extend personality; train her to be kind and gentle; We have thought about what child gives older adults; Benefit to older people; benefit for older people; benefits for older; Child in itself is the benefit; they will benefit from the child; worthwhile; benefits—hard to predict what they get; benefits—personal benefits from engaging with older people; Benefits—stepping out of problems concerns; benefits out way challenges; benefits—benefit; benefits—joint outcomes; most benefit for older adults; not much for short term; |
Benevolence | benevolence—do something nice; benevolence—giving back to the older folks; |
Busy | busy—slow down; busy—super busy parents; busy—time on my hands; Busy—trying to keep busy; Busy lives—full schedule; Busy—lives too busy; busy childhood; full schedules; |
Challenges | Challenges getting them going; challenging; |
Changes | change—kids continued going to childcare; change—less rushing; changed—not being able to travel; change—get out of environment; change—home learning; homeschool; homeschooling; change—impacted; change—life became simple; change—no travel; change—now venturing out; change life—juggle of work home; change of life—tough early on; change of life—recent move; change of life got used to it; changed life—reflection; changed life—simple life; changed way of life—working from home; work from home; working from home; coming out of covid; compromised; make effort to go out; moved—downsized; moving; |
Children | better life; child hurting older person; child ill; child might be rude; child misses socializing; child takes bumps and knocks; childhood; children do not spend independent time with others I meet on their own; children get from adults; children in aged care; children in the everyday; children like consistency; children like looking at different things; children not a problem; Children view of old; strange; children visit; describe Children; invigorating; love; |
Community | church; community (2); Community—bowling clubs; Community—clubs; clubs—Coogee has things out there; Community—Clubs—RSL; community—council; community—everyone is responsible; community—poor delivery services; Community—pub; Community—RSL Community; Community—to support St Nics; community—volunteering; community center; Community church; community need; community staple; community—Is it needed in Coogee; community—volunteer with community; community—not much on offer; local; local—expat communities; local govt; local learning; local—isolationism; Location—transient community; love Coogee; make up of population; makeup of the suburb; |
Concerns | concern—Communicate—verbalizing discomfort; concern—don’t know what they are going to get out of it; concern—out of place; concern—scared; concern—some people not being chosen; concern—unnerving; concern—unsure about response; Concern—worried; concern—worried about not having skills; concern—what if people get left out; worry about children; concern about safety for older people (not child); concerned about wellbeing of older people; concern—not living in fear; concerns—what are they getting out of this; concerns about different views; |
Connection | connected; connection—interact with neighbors; continued to have contact with people; |
Context | context—depends on situation; context—Othering—they; context—recognition of older people needs; Context—she told them they are not allowed to travel; Context—substitution; fill a hole; not necessarily about being grandchildren; substitute; context—surrounded by adults; context—talk about older people as if not old; context—talk about older people as other; context—treating old people stupid; old; old people; old people are in Randwick; old people get from young; old view of children; older; older adults take lead; older benefit more; older get from children; older neighbors; older people don’t have much to do; older people get from children; older people give what parents can’t; older people in their life; older people irritate children; older people lonely; older people more relaxed; older people not family; older people offer; older people remembering what it is like to be a child have children; older people snapping or grumpy; older people want to be left alone; oldies; onus on older people; perception of old; poor old people; |
Covid | being just family then push into preschool; Covid—adjusting; Covid—extra cautious; Covid—focused on kids; Covid—positive; Covid—Risk from daughter—doctor; Covid—staying indoors; COVID—then found amazing time for my family; Covid—UK covid; difference; effort; going out; holidays; impact on other people more; not at our shiny best; not our shining best; push back out; reassess; stay home; survived covid; thinking; |
TV | visit; worry; |
Cultural differences | Culture—different cultures might have problem; cultural difference—include dementia—for experience; cultural questions; Culture—difference accent; Culture—difference in color; different parenting styles; some places pat of the culture; take daughter into nursing home; |
Development | develop fine motor skills; development—build self esteem; development—instill values; Development—respect; development—showing her she can; development—understanding nice to meet new people; Development—discovering things with older people; development—instill belie in self; |
Emotion | Emotion—a pick me up; emotion—anxiety; emotion—bring joy; emotion—but see how they accept me; emotion—comfortable; emotion—confusion; emotion—depends on mood; emotion—discomfort; emotion—enjoyable; enjoyed; enjoyed it; emotion—feel good; emotion—grandchild hated me; emotion—happier; emotion—happiness on both sides; emotion—happy; emotion—joy; joy—when thinking about sickness and death; joy like grandchildren; joy of life; emotion—joys; emotion—laughter; emotion—proud; emotion—really enjoyed it; emotion—rejected; emotion—stimulating; emotion—vulnerable; emotional intelligence; emotional need; emotionally; emotions—being rejected; emotions—comfortable with uncomfortably; emotions—fearful; fear of the unknown; encouraging older people; enjoy; Enthusiasm; excited about; fun; funny; happiest; happy; humor; joy; laugh; sad; |
Exposure | engage with different ages; excited to see what they get out of it; experience of older people; experience of people not in family; exposed to older people; expose children to life; exposing to older; exposure to different people; exposure—accepting; accept life is different; Acceptance questions around language and culture; exposure—appreciate every type of person; exposure—appreciation of children; Exposure—different perspectives; difference—broaden worldview; Difference—children need to see someone not like mom; Difference—exposure to new perspectives; different—around different people; different aspect; different from family; different perspective; different viewpoints; different views; different way of life; different with strangers; different adults involved in rearing; different background; parenting—different parenting styles; exposure—extend possibilities; exposure—if they don’t accept you no problem; exposure—perspectives; exposure—see impact; exposure—see what happens; exposure—widening perspectives; exposure—won’t call it out as different; exposure to older people; exposure to people outside family; listen to someone who is not parent or teacher; need to see people different ages and experiences; new opinions; new section of society; next adventures; |
Family | different types of family; adoption; encourage friendship; Family—adult children; family—brother; family—close; family—hard on mothers; family—nephew; family—three boys; family closeness; family history; family life; family thing to do; Gay; have children; no children; single children; single parent families would benefit; Grandchildren; have grandchildren; no grandchildren; have grandparents; family—grandparents; family—working; family—didn’t see parents; grandparent type of relationship; grandparents close; marriage; divorce; family—single parent; husband; no extended family; families—aunties uncles—older people; Miss parents; No grandparents; no local family; |
Govt and council | Gov; gov—contact being governed by govt; gov—not transparent; |
Health | grief; Health—cancer; all clear; health—conversation more fragmented; health—dementia; Health—depressed; depression; doom and gloom; mental health; health—depression—sadness; sad; health—down in the dumps; health—get help; health—I like learning; health—impacts mental health; health—keep my mind going; health—older sickness; Health—painkillers; health—respite; health—see benefit for mental health for older people; health—sickness—Alzheimer’s; health—therapy online; health—trauma; Health and wellbeing—Autism; Appreciation; Health and wellbeing—beneficial for wellbeing; health related; deafness; dementia; disabilities; falls; medical systems; weight; health Sickness—after surgery; health—mental health services available; health—wellbeing—engaging with children is nice; healthy—secret to living longer; life more fulfilled; like looking after my grandchildren; like to be involved; little ones keep us going; low mood; Mobile—active; exercise; mobility; mobility—fit older swimmers; |
Interacting | interact a lot; interaction should be systematic; interaction with children; Interactions—forced interactions; lack of interaction with others; more engagement with older; more interaction; more interactive; |
Intergenerational programs | cross generations; intergeneration gym; intergenerational and autism; intergenerational interaction; intergenerational living; intergenerational program; intergenerational programs; intergenerational programs—TV show; accomplishment; intergenerational projects; intergeneration program; intergenerational program; intergenerational programs—what reasons; intergenerational; lot of contact with grandparents; not people in that age bracket; not thought; |
Memories | memorable; memories—prompt memories; memory; memory—brings back memories; remember; |
Mixing and matching | intervene; matching or mixing; match a child; match child and adult; matching and mixing; matching up; mix with all ages; mix with older; mix with older adults; mix with older people; mixed and matched; mixed with young and old; mixing matching; mixing—buddying up; mixing—coaxing; mixing—matching one to one; mixing—provide backgrounds; mixing matching; mixing—dynamics; natural flow; |
Negative | maybe no benefit; might not want to be part of it; miss out; miss children; miss grandparents; miss seeing connection; missed childhood; missed friends; missed sports; missed structure; missed visiting; missing out; missing seeing the kids; negative—hard for everyone; negative—intense lockdown; negative—no short-term benefit; negative—somber environment; not benefit for me benefit for children; not happy; |
Opinion | opinion—lack of information; Opinion—life experiences—went through the war; own position; viewpoint—alternative approaches; viewpoint—criticism that parents do not recognize older people; viewpoint—do my own research; viewpoint—resent lack of data; viewpoint—theory is sound; |
Parents | loved by older people; lovely child; mothers will be problem; parental help; parenting styles—children more confident; parenting—my parents different; parenting—selected; parenting differences; Parents—trade with children; parents—treat child as young adult; parents—wacked on hands; parents rushing; parents want to be part of it too; Parents—modern parenting; realistic; inclusive; not always easy; other people had it worse; realistic about children’s behaviors; reality; realistic about children’s behaviors; suffering is part of it; understanding; wide demographics; |
Perceptions | Parent’s perception of older—acknowledge background; Perception—Age related comment; can’t believe I am old; Perception—gender related; perception—life experiences—world closing in; perception—outside age range; perception of older people; Perception older people—single; |
Positive | be there full time; great idea; lucky; make it happen; make it work; more family time; need in the community; nice idea; nice thing to do; no negatives; no traffic; not greatly impacted; not impacted to much; not overwhelming; Positive—absolutely good idea; positive—bit of a blessing; positive—doing quite well; positive—fortunate; positive—good for both; positive—good for me; positive—good things happened for children; positive—gratitude; grateful; positive—happy doing what I am doing; positive—hasn’t changed much; positive—haven’t affected us massively; Positive—it is brilliant; positive—keen to be involved; positive—no loss in taking part; positive—not impacted us; Positive—pay more attention to children; positive—people nice to each other; positive—people want to be involved; positive—please to see reactions; positive—Programs needed; positive—project needed play group; positive—satisfaction; satisfying; self-satisfaction; setting up for success; positive—Values—simple things mean a lot; positive for both groups; positive for venue; positive to project—draw into the concept; positive—extra excited about possibilities; positive—perfect; positive—Love the idea; potential; potential benefit; something special to create e connection; something to look forward to; super excited; take part; time on hands; Volunteer; want to be involved with older people; want to be involved; |
Quit program | make you stop; not enjoying; stop—end program; stop—take out program; stop—verbally resistant; stop—Withdraw—didn’t like; stop—dealing with children; stop engaging; |
Relationships | build relationship again; engineered meeting; friends; friends move on; friendship; kind of relationships; lots of kids like one person; make friend outside their own age group; make friends; make friends with anyone; matched up; matching up; meet outside; meet strangers; meet up after program over; meeting up; meeting new people; mingling or matching; mixing; not lot of older people; not opportunities to make friends outside of age group; now friends; one on one; pairing up; partnering; relationships—get to know them; relationships; relationship—attached; attachment; Relationship—build up relationship; relationship—companionship; relationship—fresh relationship; relationship—Penguin moments; Relationship—timeline weird for relationship; relationships—benefit is just from knowing somebody; relationships—build rapport; relationships—chemistry connection; relationships—deep connection; relationships—get bond going; relationships—hesitation—making time; relationships—if people were not gelling with each other; relationships—making friends; relationships different; relationships; resolved; |
Safety | cause distress; no risk; safety—being very careful; safety—cautious; safety—cleanliness; safety—keep safe; safety—look past it; safety—people checks; safety—protective of emotions; safety—risk factors; safety—screening people for intentions; safety—trust people and safe places; safety—working with children permit; security checks; working with children; |
Social connection isolation | loneliness; lonely; lonely—alone; alone more than ever; lonely—could be lonely; neighbors; neighbor—older; neighbors struggled; not as socially active; not going out; social—on her own; social connection—have children around; social—not lonely; social—obvious connection; social connectedness—out of school straight away; social connection; Adults get together; chat; connection; isolated; Isolation; keep connections open; keep in touch; lack of social connection; lonely; meet new people; meet up; meeting; needs to be with people; other people; pursue connections; redundant; social connection—people may not self-identify as lonely or whatever; social connection—shared interests; sociable; social; social—encouraging social interaction; social—go out; social—reduced contact; social interaction—short visit; social interactions limited; social isolated—those who need it most do not necessarily come forward; social isolation; social learning; social life; Socializing dinner clubs; social person; socialize; socialize—come to a party; socialize—lunch together; socializing—get out; Socializing—opportunities to meet new people; socially and materially better off; socially isolated; Statistics; social connection—keep in contact; social interconnectedness; |
Starting and endings | clowns; congratulations; ending; goodbye; introductions; no preparation for Maddie; party; start—beginnings and endings; start—group together at start and end; start—info on notice board for being contacted to come back; start—nothing ends for him; start—picture of persons; start—revisit; start—support—need priming; start—support—preparing children; explaining to children; priming the children; provide information; start programs; starting and ending program; starting’s and endings; stickers that mark the time down; tell her up front; |
Support | guidance; support—help; helped them out; support—reinforcement; supportive; |
Teach mentor | History; history (2); history—local history; knowledge; learn; learn about space; learn from them; learn lessons of life; learning activities; love pre-school; mentor; opportunities to talk; Penguins; School children; teach—information; teach mentor—impart history; teach mentor learning reading; teaching; Teaching—passing on knowledge; village to raise a kid; wisdom; |
Technology | losing focus; online; online stimulation; skype; speak by skype; technology—face time; technology—likes gadgets; technology—phone connection; technology—talk online; technology—weekly video call; zoom and phone and WhatsApp; |
Trait | able; kids notice emotional reactions; open give it a go; trait—adorable; trait—capable; trait—Confidence; trait—considerate; trait—dislike quiet; trait—girly girl; girly girl—not ball games; trait—gives things a go; Trait—grandchildren look over long time; trait—happy go lucky kid; trait—have a go but not good at things; trait—honest children; trait—infectious energy; trait—innocence of children; trait—insular; trait—introvert; trait—just do things; trait—life wisdom; trait—nervousness in people; trait—not good at games; trait—organized; organizer; trait—playfulness; trait—refreshing; trait—reservations; trait—sense of freedom; trait—sense of fullness; trait—sensitive; trait—she doesn’t really love kids that much; trait—she rolls with stuff; trait—shy; trait—shy at school; trait—shyness; trait—vibrant; trait—wants to know how things work; trait—wisdom; trait—wise; trait—young; trait more tolerable; trait—up for most things; Trait-confident kid; young give old; younger; younger in mind; younger people not thinking get old; youth; |
Values | Value—individualistic society; values—belief; belief—faith; belief being put on her; beliefs—faith—spiritually less; Christian; values—like children to learn respect; values—non-judge; |
1 | Zoom is a cloud-based video conferencing service to virtually meet by video or audio. |
2 | Microsoft MS Stream® Office 365. |
3 | Topics or issues participants introduced in response to the questions presented and ongoign conversation. |
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Respondent Groups | n | Female | Major City | Age | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–29 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | ||||
Older Adults 60+ | 18% | 82% | 73.90% | ||||
Parents | 19% | 93% | 72.30% | ||||
Carer | 29% | 89.30% | 81.30% | ||||
Other | 28% | 87.70% | 87.50% | 13% | 27% | 34% | 26% |
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Kenning, G.; Ee, N.; Xu, Y.; Luu, B.L.; Ward, S.A.; Goldwater, M.B.; Lewis, E.; Radford, K.; Anstey, K.J.; Lautenschlager, N.T.; Fitzgerald, J.A.; Rockwood, K.; Peters, R. Intergenerational Practice in the Community—What Does the Community Think? Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100374
Kenning G, Ee N, Xu Y, Luu BL, Ward SA, Goldwater MB, Lewis E, Radford K, Anstey KJ, Lautenschlager NT, Fitzgerald JA, Rockwood K, Peters R. Intergenerational Practice in the Community—What Does the Community Think? Social Sciences. 2021; 10(10):374. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100374
Chicago/Turabian StyleKenning, Gail, Nicole Ee, Ying Xu, Billy L. Luu, Stephanie A. Ward, Micah B. Goldwater, Ebony Lewis, Katrina Radford, Kaarin J. Anstey, Nicola T. Lautenschlager, Janna Anneke Fitzgerald, Kenneth Rockwood, and Ruth Peters. 2021. "Intergenerational Practice in the Community—What Does the Community Think?" Social Sciences 10, no. 10: 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100374