Renovation of Public Buildings towards nZEB: A Case Study of a Nursing Home
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Representative Public Building Design: A Case Study
3. Nearly Zero-Energy Building Concept: Energy Efficiency Measures
4. Cost Analysis
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ak | Useful surface area of the building (net area) | m2 |
A | Heated surface area of the building envelope | m2 |
Ve | Heated volume of the building | m3 |
f0 | Building shape factor | m−1 |
Eprim | Specific annual primary energy | kWh/(m2 a) |
Q’’ H,nd | Specific annual energy demands for heating for referential climatic data | kWh/(m2 a) |
Building A | Building B | Building C | |
---|---|---|---|
Construction period | >1940 | 1941–1970 | 1971–1980 |
Share in national public building stock | 15% | 28% | 24% |
Share of public buildings in EMIS database | 24% | 29% | 17% |
Geometry | Buildings A, B, C | ||
Ak (m2) | 921 | ||
A (m2) | 1634 | ||
Ve (m3) | 3474 | ||
No. of floors | 3 | ||
f0 (m−1) | 0.47 | ||
Window to wall ratio (%) | 12 | ||
Building envelope | Building A | Building B | Building C |
External walls, U (Wm−2 K−1) | 1.4 | 3.56 | 1.21 |
Floor on the ground, U (Wm−2 K−1) | 2.67 | 2.67 | 0.89 |
Ceiling bordering unheated attic, U (Wm−2 K−1) | 1.46 | 4.20 | 1.41 |
Windows, U (Wm−2 K−1) | 3.6 | 5.2 | 4.0 |
Airtightness, n50 (h−1) | 9.69 | 9.04 | 7.45 |
Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM) | EEM Description | U-Value before Renovation | U-Value after Renovation | Maximum Allowed U-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building A | Thermal insulation of external wall | Mineral wool—22 cm | 1.4 | 0.14 | 0.30 |
Thermal insulation of floor on the ground | Mineral wool—15 cm | 2.67 | 0.23 | 0.40 | |
Thermal insulation of ceiling bordering unheated attic | Mineral wool—20 cm | 1.46 | 0.17 | 0.25 | |
Windows replacement | PVC, triple glazed | 3.6 | 0.96 | 1.6 | |
Building B | Thermal insulation of external wall | Mineral wool—24 cm | 3.56 | 0.14 | 0.30 |
Thermal insulation of floor on the ground | Mineral wool—15 cm | 2.67 | 0.23 | 0.40 | |
Thermal insulation of ceiling bordering unheated attic | Mineral wool—20 cm | 4.2 | 0.17 | 0.25 | |
Windows replacement | PVC, triple glazed | 5.2 | 0.96 | 1.6 | |
Building C | Thermal insulation of external wall | Mineral wool—16 cm | 1.21 | 0.18 | 0.30 |
Thermal insulation of floor on the ground | Mineral wool—15 cm | 0.89 | 0.23 | 0.40 | |
Thermal insulation of ceiling bordering unheated attic | Mineral wool—20 cm | 1.41 | 0.17 | 0.25 | |
Windows replacement | PVC, triple glazed | 4.0 | 0.96 | 1.6 | |
Thermo-technical system replacement | Buildings A, B, C | ||||
Heating and domestic hot water (DHW) system | Thermal solar system with flat plate collectors and condensing boiler with buffer storage tank | ||||
Heating and DHW energy source | Natural gas and renewable energy (solar) | ||||
Cooling system | Local, split systems | ||||
Cooling system energy source | Electricity |
Parameter | Before Renovation | After Renovation | Investment Cost—nZEB (€) | Investment Cost—nZEB (€/m2) | Energy Cost Savings (€/m2 a) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building A | |||||
Eprim (kWh a) | 345,754.94 | 63,025.12 | |||
CO2 (kg a) | 67,282.96 | 12,544.48 | |||
Annual energy cost (€ a) | 15,202.53 | 2630.32 | 171,808.00 | 579.86 | 13.65 |
Q’’ H,nd (kWh/(m2 a))/Energy class | 248.81/F | 43.71/B | |||
Eprim (kWh/(m2 a))/Energy class | 372.15/D | 65.68/A+ | |||
Building B | |||||
Eprim (kWh a) | 555,532.14 | 63,396.60 | |||
CO2 (kg a) | 109,646.11 | 12,618.77 | |||
Energy cost (€ a) | 23,650.97 | 2645.64 | 174,612.89 | 583.24 | 22.81 |
Q’’ H,nd (kWh/(m2 a))/Energy class | 434.17/G | 44.08/B | |||
Eprim (kWh/(m2 a))/Energy class | 595.56/F | 66.06/A+ | |||
Building C | |||||
Eprim (kWh a) | 328,708.96 | 63,205.08 | |||
CO2 (kg a) | 63,830.42 | 12,581.74 | |||
Energy cost (€ a) | 14,521.16 | 2637.10 | 163,393.34 | 569.73 | 12.91 |
Q’’ H,nd (kWh/(m2 a))/Energy class | 233.61/F | 45.55/B | |||
Eprim (kWh/(m2 a))/Energy class | 353.48/D | 65.74/A+ |
Case Study | Payback Period (Years) | Simple Rate of Return |
---|---|---|
Building A | 13.7 | 7% |
Building B | 8.3 | 12% |
Building C | 13.8 | 7% |
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Teni, M.; Čulo, K.; Krstić, H. Renovation of Public Buildings towards nZEB: A Case Study of a Nursing Home. Buildings 2019, 9, 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9070153
Teni M, Čulo K, Krstić H. Renovation of Public Buildings towards nZEB: A Case Study of a Nursing Home. Buildings. 2019; 9(7):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9070153
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeni, Mihaela, Ksenija Čulo, and Hrvoje Krstić. 2019. "Renovation of Public Buildings towards nZEB: A Case Study of a Nursing Home" Buildings 9, no. 7: 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9070153
APA StyleTeni, M., Čulo, K., & Krstić, H. (2019). Renovation of Public Buildings towards nZEB: A Case Study of a Nursing Home. Buildings, 9(7), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9070153