How Building Information Modeling Technology Supports Safety on Construction Sites: The Case Study of a Water Reservoir in Italy

Abstract

Workplace safety, particularly in the construction industry, is a moral and legal imperative, prioritizing the protection of workers’ health and well-being. In Italy, Legislative Decree 81/08 (and subsequent modifications) serves as a regulatory framework for workplace safety, defining the duties of employers and employees and promoting accident prevention measures. Building information modeling technology, which has revolutionized the global construction industry by offering an integrated approach to design, construction, and management through intelligent digital models, has only recently started gaining traction in Italy as part of Industry 4.0. This article examines the potential of integrating the current prevention strategies with BIM technology to optimize safety design on construction sites. A case study demonstrates the use of the BIM software REVIT to model a water reservoir for an aqueduct, including structural and plant components, the surrounding context, and proposed construction site organization. The research methodology involves creating a contextualized 3D model to support preliminary safety assessments, work process organization, and the drafting of a safety and coordination plan. Through detailed analysis and critical discussion, this work contributes to understanding how the interaction of regulations and BIM technology can improve construction site safety, offering insights that are applicable beyond the Italian context to the global construction industry.

1. Introduction

Workplace safety is a critical issue that impacts employees across all industries and sectors. Despite advances in regulations and safety protocols, workplace injuries and illnesses remain a significant concern, resulting in human suffering, lost productivity, and substantial economic costs [1].

One of the most pressing challenges in workplace safety is addressing the evolving nature of work environments and job roles. The rise of new technologies, such as automation and artificial intelligence, has introduced new hazards and risks that require careful assessment and mitigation strategies [2,3,4,5,6]. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of remote work and gig economy jobs has highlighted the need for comprehensive safety measures that extend beyond traditional office or factory settings [7,8,9,10].

Effective workplace safety requires a collaborative effort involving employers, employees, regulatory bodies, and safety professionals [11,12,13,14]. Employers must prioritize safety by providing adequate training, implementing robust safety protocols, and fostering a culture of safety awareness. Employees, in turn, must actively participate in safety initiatives, report hazards, and follow established procedures. As emphasized by the International Labour Organization [15], acting together to build a positive safety and health culture is crucial for improving workplace safety outcomes.

In the construction industry, workplace safety is particularly crucial due to the inherently hazardous nature of building sites. The integration of building information modeling (BIM) into construction processes has emerged as a promising approach to enhance safety management and reduce occupational risks [16]. BIM, a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility, offers a comprehensive platform for safety planning, hazard identification, and risk mitigation throughout the project lifecycle [17].

BIM’s 3D visualization capabilities allow for the early identification of potential safety hazards during the design phase, enabling proactive risk management [18,19,20]. This technology facilitates virtual safety audits, where stakeholders can collaboratively assess and address safety concerns before construction begins. Moreover, BIM supports the development of site-specific safety plans by integrating safety information directly into the model, enhancing communication and coordination among project participants.

The 4D BIM, which incorporates the time dimension, enables the simulation of construction sequences and helps in identifying temporal safety risks associated with different stages of the project [21]. This dynamic visualization aids in planning safer work processes, optimizing site layouts, and scheduling to minimize worker exposure to hazards [22,23].

Furthermore, BIM can be integrated with other emerging technologies to create a more robust safety ecosystem. For instance, the combination of BIM with internet of things (IoT) sensors and wearable devices allows for the real-time monitoring of worker locations and environmental conditions, enabling prompt responses to potential safety threats [24].

Despite its potential, the adoption of BIM for safety management faces challenges, including the need for specialized training, initial implementation costs, and resistance to change within the industry [25]. However, as the technology matures and its benefits become more apparent, BIM is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool in the pursuit of safer construction environments [22].

The integration of BIM in construction safety management represents a significant step towards creating more secure work environments in an industry known for its high accident rates. By leveraging digital technologies to enhance hazard identification, risk assessment, and safety planning, BIM contributes to the overarching goal of reducing workplace injuries and fatalities in the construction sector [26].

Aims of the Study

The construction industry is known for its high-risk nature, with numerous potential hazards posing threats to worker safety. Despite advancements in regulations and safety protocols, workplace injuries and accidents remain a significant concern, resulting in human suffering, lost productivity, and substantial economic costs. The dynamic and complex nature of construction sites, coupled with the involvement of multiple stakeholders and varying work processes, further exacerbates the challenges in ensuring a safe working environment.

Traditionally, safety management in construction has relied heavily on manual processes, such as on-site inspections, paper-based documentation, and reactive measures. However, these approaches often lack real-time data integration, comprehensive risk assessment, and effective communication among project participants. As a result, potential hazards may go unnoticed, and critical safety information may not be disseminated promptly, leading to increased risks and potential incidents.

Building information modeling (BIM) technology, which has revolutionized the construction industry by offering an integrated approach to design, construction, and management through intelligent digital models, presents an opportunity to address these challenges. By integrating safety requirements and risk assessments into the digital model, potential hazards can be identified and visualized more effectively, enabling proactive decision-making and the implementation of preventive measures from the earliest design stages.

The research questions are as follows:

• How can BIM technology be effectively integrated with existing safety management practices in the construction industry to enhance worker safety and mitigate potential risks?
• What are the key challenges and barriers to the adoption of BIM for safety management in construction projects, and how can these be addressed?
• How can BIM models be leveraged to improve communication, coordination, and information sharing among project stakeholders, facilitating better safety planning and execution?
• What are the potential benefits and limitations of using BIM for construction site safety, and how can these be quantified and evaluated?

The objectives are as follows:

• To investigate the potential integration of BIM technology with current safety management strategies and regulations, such as Italy’s Legislative Decree 81/08, to optimize safety design on construction sites.
• To conduct a comprehensive case study to evaluate the application of BIM software in modeling construction sites, including structural and plant components, surrounding contexts, and proposed site organization.
• To analyze how a contextualized BIM model can provide valuable support for preliminary assessments, organization of work processes, drafting of safety and coordination plans, and informing maintenance decisions.
• To identify the advantages and limitations of using BIM for construction site safety through a detailed analysis of the case study and critical discussion of the results.
• To contribute to the understanding and promotion of innovative practices for improving construction site safety through the synergy of regulations and BIM technology.

By addressing these research questions and objectives, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the effective integration of BIM technology and safety management practices in the construction industry, ultimately contributing to the development of safer working environments and the protection of workers’ well-being.

2. Safety Legislation Timeline

Workplace safety entered the legislative landscape with the advent of the industrial revolution: inhumane working conditions and extremely high-risk procedures soon pushed workers to form unions, demanding the necessary protections be recognized [27,28,29,30]. The first legal provisions were issued at the end of the 19th century and have since been continuously updated in line with the evolving world of work [31].

Before the mid-1980s, there was no specific legislation at the European level regulating aspects related to health and safety in the workplace. These issues were treated as complementary to the regulations concerning the market and economic policies within the treaty outlining the directives for the functioning of the European Community [32]. A significant change occurred in 1987 with the introduction of the Single European Act, which included a legal provision aimed at promoting the improvement of working conditions to protect the safety and health of workers [33]. Subsequently, in 1997, the Treaty of Amsterdam definitively incorporated the provisions concerning occupational health and safety (OHS) within the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Community [34].

Consequently, aspects related to workplace safety in Italy are now regulated by legislation derived from the implementation of one or more Community directives. Usually, community directives establish minimum criteria; however, during the transposition phase, member states are free to adopt more stringent requirements for the protection of workers [35,36,37]; for this reason, national legislation relating to aspects of protection and prevention in the workplace may vary among the different countries of the Union.

Italian Safety Legislation

The precedence of workers’ safety over employers’ profit is clearly stated in the Italian Constitution (1948) [38], particularly in Articles 32 and 41, later echoed in Article 2087 of the Civil Code [39]. These general provisions also highlight the need to regulate the technical and formal aspects of workplace safety in a detailed manner. This process began with parliament delegating the executive power to the government to issue general and special regulations aimed at protecting workers, a move that allowed for greater speed and flexibility in adopting necessary measures. As a result, fundamental decrees were issued, which, although later repealed, serve as the basic reference for current regulations and were largely integrated into Legislative Decree 81/2008 [40].

Legislative Decree No. 81/2008, known as the “Consolidated Act on Health and Safety at Work,” revises, reorganizes, and harmonizes the entire Italian preventive regulatory framework, repealing most of the previous laws that were often mutually incompatible and difficult to interpret. Although the creation of a unified legal text had been planned as early as the 1978 healthcare reform (Law 833, Art. 24), the sheer amount of work required to revise a disciplinary system based on amendments spanning 60 years meant the need remained unmet for a long time until it was suddenly brought to the public’s attention. On 6 December 2007, an accident caused by a malfunction during steel production at the ThyssenKrupp plant in Turin led to an explosion and subsequent fire, resulting in the deaths of seven workers. The incident, considered one of the most tragic workplace accidents in contemporary Italy, highlighted the severe deficiencies in the prevention and protection measures adopted by the company.

The decree, issued on 9 April 2008, and effective from April 15 of the same year, aims to regulate the entire world of work, both public and private, for all sectors and all risk categories. Comprising 13 titles, 306 articles, and 51 annexes, it has been amended and updated multiple times to achieve the most accurate and up-to-date regulation possible. The first amendment occurred in the first year with Legislative Decree 106/2009, correcting inaccuracies and oversights. One of the most recent amendments is Legislative Decree No. 19 of 1 March 2024, introducing a points-based license requirement for companies or self-employed workers engaged in temporary or mobile construction sites.

The decree’s goal is to provide the highest level of protection for all workers, regardless of the type of activity they perform, whether they are self-employed, employees, or belong to other specific categories, both in the public and private sectors and exposed to any type of risk. There is a strong emphasis on risk prevention, obliging employers to conduct a thorough and systematic risk assessment for each specific work activity. This process is essential for identifying and mitigating potential hazards, promoting the priority use of collective protection measures, such as physical barriers or ventilation systems, and resorting to individual solutions only to address residual risks.

Responsibilities are clearly defined for employers, managers, and workers, with a shared commitment to ensuring a safe work environment. Training and information are central pillars, ensuring that every worker is fully aware of the specific risks in their sector and the necessary safety measures to effectively prevent them.

The decree also includes specific provisions for high-risk sectors, such as construction, the chemical industry, and agriculture, where working conditions may involve significant risks and require tailored safety management approaches [41,42]. Additionally, it establishes detailed rules for emergency management, outlining clear procedures to follow in critical or crisis situations at the workplace.

Regular health checks are mandated for workers exposed to specific risks to continuously monitor their health and preserve the long-term well-being of staff. The legislation underscores the importance of criminal penalties for violations of safety regulations, aiming to ensure strict enforcement of provisions and high compliance levels in workplaces.

Supervisory bodies, such as ISPESL and local health authorities (ASL), are tasked with monitoring compliance with regulations and intervening promptly to ensure safe working conditions in line with established safety standards.

The decree represents a detailed regulatory framework and a concrete commitment to protecting workers’ physical and mental health, promoting safe, sustainable workplaces that are prepared to handle potential emergencies. The decree’s provisions establish clear obligations for employers and safety officers and promote a culture of prevention and shared responsibility. The ongoing amendments and updates to the decree demonstrate the Italian authorities’ constant commitment to improving and strengthening protection and prevention measures in workplaces in response to emerging challenges and regulatory developments.

Workplace safety in the construction sectors is governed by Title IV (Articles 88–160) of Decree 81/08 and its annexes. The scope of application of this title extends to all temporary or mobile construction sites, defined as any location where construction or civil engineering work is carried out, as indicated in Annex X, which includes the following:

• construction, maintenance, repair, demolition, conservation, restoration, renovation, or equipping works;
• transformation, renewal, dismantling of structures;
• road, railway, hydraulic, maritime, and hydroelectric works;
• reclamation, forest management, excavation;
• excavations, assembly and disassembly of prefabricated elements.

The legislation defines all the safety roles within construction sites, including responsibilities and obligations. It also introduces the necessary documentation, such as the preliminary notification and the safety and coordination plan, for which minimum content requirements are defined.

The safety and coordination plan is a mandatory document in temporary or mobile sites where more than one contractor is expected to be present, even if not simultaneously, as specified by the decree. The plan must be drafted by the safety coordinator during the design phase of the work and serves as a fundamental tool for ensuring workplace safety.

This document must include a technical report and prescriptions related to the complexity of the work to be performed, aimed at preventing or reducing risks to the health and safety of workers. The minimum mandatory contents of the plan, as established in Annex XV of the decree, are shown in

Table 1. Minimum mandatory contents of the safety and coordination plan.

Contents	Description
Identification and description of the work	Site address Description of the context in which the construction area is located
Brief description of the project	References to design, architectural, structural, and technological choices
Identification of those responsible for safety	Name of the person in charge of the work Name of the safety coordinator during the design phase Name of the safety coordinator during the execution phase (if already appointed) Names of employers of executing companies and self-employed workers (provided by the safety coordinator for execution before work begins)
Risk report	Identification, analysis, and assessment of actual risks Reference to the construction area, its organization, tasks, and their interferences
Design and organizational choices	Procedures, preventive and protective measures related to the construction site area, its organization, and tasks
Operational prescriptions for task interferences	Preventive and protective measures Personal protective equipment
Coordination measures for shared use	Facilities, equipment, infrastructure, tools, and collective protection services Work schedules
Organizational procedures	Cooperation and coordination between employers and self-employed workers Mutual information
Planned organization for emergency services	First aid Fire prevention Evacuation
Planned duration of work	Estimated size of the site expressed in man-days

.

The document must also include an estimate of the safety costs, representing the portion of the project cost that is not subject to reduction in contractors’ bids.

The fundamental importance of the plan lies in its ability to coordinate the activities of various companies, preventing risks arising from the interference between different tasks, and ensuring that all firms are equally informed about the risks and procedures required to operate safely at the specific site.

3. Building Information Modeling

Building information modeling (BIM), coined in 1974 by Professor Charles M. Eastman [43] and developed in 1987 with the virtual model in ArchiCAD, is an advanced and intelligent process that uses 3D digital models to plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure [44,45,46,47,48,49]. Unlike traditional two-dimensional design methods, BIM is based on a set of data that virtually describe objects, simulating how they will be managed physically in reality [50]. The technology allows for the study of potential execution complexities and the impact of various decisions in the preliminary phase, enabling more effective and comprehensive design, while ensuring the monitoring of the entire lifecycle—from construction to maintenance, and even demolitions [51,52].

The introduction of an integrated design method, which requires new skills and a structured process, means that it is difficult to implement in workplaces [53]. For this reason, the adoption of BIM has been carried out gradually, according to a maturity level classification defined by standard and disseminated by UK institutions [54].

In a BIM environment, building design begins with the creation of models of its components, complete with relevant data, which may include materials, performance, environmental impact, costs, necessary maintenance, and much more [55]. Sometimes, component manufacturers make models of their product catalogs available, already containing all of the necessary information [56].

This additional focus on design decisions from the earliest phases allows for a final model from which not only graphical representations can be extracted but also quantity surveys, and, depending on the level of detail followed, potential further technical analyses [57]. The precision required for the project is usually defined based on the client’s requirement and on the information they wish to obtain from the model [58]. BIM has the potential to respond adequately to the increasing demands of increasingly complex projects, faster development, better sustainability, and lower production and usage costs—areas where the traditional 2D CAD method offers insufficient support [59,60].

Beyond the clear advantage of three-dimensionality for more intuitive and easier-to-read structuring (think, for example, of the two-dimensional representation of multi-story buildings), there are numerous other benefits [61].

First and foremost, is the ability to facilitate collaboration between the various project participants, improving communication and coordination [62]. This can happen in two ways: professionals can develop their own section of expertise, which will later be overlaid into a single model to verify consistency and detect any interferences; alternatively, by implementing secondary functions of design software, it is possible to work on compatible models shared in real time [63].

One of the main reasons for project delays is the difficulty in coordinating the personnel involved in the project [64]. Consequently, the ability to keep professionals updated on all decisions and changes made, the interoperability, and the clash detection function (automatic conflict detection) contribute significantly to optimizing the process [65].

The centralized database within the project itself allows for easier control of material and tool options and their characteristics [66]. It facilitates the creation of complete and satisfactory final documentation, ensuring compliance with the client’s requirements [67]. Projects properly developed with the BIM method are almost perfectly realized in practice, drastically reducing the decisions that need to be made during the execution phase when changes are more costly [68].

It is also important to remember the possibility of conducting a wide range of analyses directly on the model, such as structural analysis, energy analysis, construction simulations, and cost forecasts [69]. This approach not only allows for more informed and data-driven decisions during design and construction but also helps optimize the building’s performance once completed [70].

With the BIM method, the bulk of the effort is made in the preliminary phase when it is much easier and cheaper to make changes [71]. Therefore, it is important that all active participants in the design, including contractors and main subcontractors, be involved in the initial phases to clearly define the foundations of collaboration and the standards to be followed, with regular meetings continuing to ensure consistency in the project’s progress [72].

The global adoption of BIM is growing, with many countries recognizing the benefits in terms of efficiency, quality, and sustainability in construction projects [73]. The UK, the United States, Scandinavian countries, Germany, Singapore, and Australia are among the leaders in BIM implementation, each with their specific policies and regulations [54].

In Italy, Ministerial Decree No. 560 of 1 December 2017, commonly known as the BIM decree, is a key regulation for the adoption of BIM in public projects. As previously outlined in the public procurement code (Legislative Decree 50/2016, Article 23, Paragraph 13), this regulation governs the introduction of the obligation to use BIM methods, giving an Italian dimension to a phenomenon already widespread globally.

The mandatory adoption of BIM is being introduced gradually, with a series of deadlines spread over six years, allowing public administrations and companies to progressively adapt.

The provisions of the BIM decree are aimed at addressing a series of strategic needs and objectives for the construction sector in Italy, aligning with other nations and increasing competitiveness in the international market, while also facilitating access to European funds. However, the forced introduction of innovations in a system still lacking a proper foundation for their reception causes difficulties and resistance.

Considering the challenges encountered in implementing the requirements, an additional decree (D.M. 312/2021) was issued in 2021, transforming the obligation for the complete implementation of the preliminary requirements defined in Article 3 of D.M. 50/2016 into a simpler demonstration of having at least initiated the process. Additionally, the schedule was modified—by early 2025, the obligation to adopt BIM in public procurement will apply only to projects with a value exceeding EUR 2 million.

With the introduction of these decrees, the procedure adopted by public administrations in managing public contracts has also changed. Digital platforms for complete project management, such as the National Database and the Virtual File of the Economic Operator, managed by the National Anti-Corruption Authority (ANAC), or certified digital procurement platforms and proprietary data-sharing environments of various administrations, have become central. The regulation requires these platforms to be interconnected, allowing for bidirectional communication that enables the mutual flow of data and information. This represents a significant change from the past when digital platforms were used more in isolation. The adoption of a shared and accessible system promises improved transparency and stricter controls.

In addition to the challenges related to creating these direct connections between databases, the need to adopt cybersecurity systems suitable for protecting sensitive data on public projects also slows the BIM implementation program. There is particular concern about the potential compromise of data and systems for monitoring or operating buildings and infrastructure, which could have direct effects on their operational safety.

However, the greatest challenge for public administrations will be meeting the requirement to integrate several new professional roles into their workforce. It will be necessary to have at least one data-sharing environment manager (ACDat manager), a manager of digital processes supported by information models (BIM manager), and a coordinator of information flows (BIM coordinator) within the support structure for the project’s single point of responsibility for each intervention. Similar skills are also required of the design team, project managers, inspectors, and contractors, who must contribute to information modeling.

These are highly specialized roles that require advanced training and previous professional experience in the field. At the time of the decree’s issuance, the Italian context faced a shortage of personnel already equipped with the skills necessary for large-scale application of the methodology. For this reason, despite the push for continuous training, it will still take some time before the demand for BIM experts is fully met.

Lastly, it is important to highlight the economic aspect as one of the reasons for delays in the process’s spread. The purchase of licenses, equipment upgrades, and staff training represent a significant investment, sometimes unsustainable for medium and small businesses and studios. Moreover, in some cases, multiple software programs are needed to fully exploit the system’s interoperability and, therefore, the coordination among professionals to produce a complete and satisfactory final result, further increasing the expense.

4. BIM and Construction Site Safety Interaction

This work examines the potential integration between the prevention strategies currently implemented based on Decree 81/08 and BIM technology, with the aim of optimizing safety design in construction sites. The research explores how BIM can be leveraged to enhance safety planning, communication, and coordination among stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle. By integrating safety requirements and risk assessments into the digital model, potential hazards and mitigation measures are identified and visualized more effectively. For example, Zhang et al. [16] demonstrated an automated safety checking system that integrates safety rules into BIM models, enabling the identification of potential hazards and suggesting preventive measures during the design phase. This approach facilitates proactive decision-making and allows for the implementation of preventive measures from the earliest design stages. Additionally, the integration of BIM and safety management systems enables real-time monitoring and documentation of safety-related information, such as incident reports, inspections, and training records. Getuli et al. [23] proposed a BIM-based framework for monitoring construction progress and coordinating safety-related activities, facilitating real-time data exchange and documentation. The seamless exchange of data between the digital model and safety management platforms streamlines processes, reduces redundancies, and improves overall efficiency. Furthermore, the use of BIM in conjunction with emerging technologies like augmented reality and virtual reality provides immersive training experiences, enhancing worker awareness and preparedness for potential risks on-site. Overall, our research highlights the potential of BIM to revolutionize safety practices in the construction industry, fostering a more collaborative, data-driven, and proactive approach to risk mitigation and worker protection. However, the novelty of this research lies in its focus on integrating BIM with the specific prevention strategies outlined in Decree 81/08, providing a tailored approach to optimizing safety design in Italian construction sites.

BIM technology is gradually shifting from the world of architectural and engineering design to the construction site environment [74]. The areas of application for the method are steadily expanding as the method becomes more widespread and the number of professionals in the field increases. However, the features and structure of most software remain largely focused on the design aspect of the project, with little attention often given to the needs of construction site design and active site management.

For example, in Autodesk Revit, there are no built-in object families related to construction site activities; users dedicated to this type of design must create their object library or rely on models provided by suppliers when available. Another feature of the software is the ability to organize the model into phases, allowing progressive changes to the site layout to be shown in the same project file as the work progresses. However, as this feature was initially designed for comparative schemes (demolitions and constructions), its application for dividing site organization according to the needs of different work phases can be cumbersome and inefficient.

With its wealth of information, BIM can serve as a robust solution for addressing various construction challenges, including safety concerns. BIM-based safety management encompasses several topics, such as safety analyses, fall hazards, and confined space safety [21]. BIM enables enhanced safety planning and analysis, resulting in a safer construction environment and improved safety outcomes.

A group of scholars has unveiled a new research study that explores the potential of BIM technology to bolster workforce safety monitoring practices at construction job sites [75]. Their meticulous investigation will serve as a foundational reference for our ensuing deliberations on this subject matter. We will draw upon the researchers’ rigorous examination and astute insights as we formulate strategies to harness the capabilities of BIM to enhance the oversight of worker safety amidst the dynamic and hazardous environments inherent to construction projects. Their comprehensive analysis will guide our efforts to develop and recommend approaches that synergize BIM’s functionalities with robust safety management protocols, ultimately striving to cultivate a more secure and vigilant workforce across construction operations.

BIM has demonstrated its efficacy in hazard evaluation during the planning stages, aiming to avert undesired incidents on construction premises [76,77,78]. Embracing a design-centric prevention strategy proves to be an efficient method for minimizing accidents and enhancing workers’ hazard awareness. Nevertheless, the ever-changing nature of building sites means that unforeseen risks remain challenging to address, necessitating continuous monitoring and swift decision-making processes.

While BIM has shown promise in safety management, there’s a noticeable gap in applications that leverage real-time data from on-site personnel [79]. Risky behavior remains a significant contributor to construction site accidents [80], with unauthorized entry into dangerous zones being particularly perilous [81]. Such intrusions can lead to severe consequences, including falls from elevated positions and collisions with various objects [82].

During the operational phase, existing research on BIM’s role in safety management includes evacuation route planning in emergency scenarios. The comprehensive 3D models provided by BIM facilitate visual comprehension, making it more accessible for human interpretation. To develop robust evacuation systems for hazardous environments, researchers have explored various path-planning techniques, such as variable-density networks [83] and neural networks utilizing backpropagation [84].

The importance of research into BIM and safety cannot be overstated, as it is crucial for enhancing safety outcomes in the construction sector. BIM serves as a powerful tool for improving safety planning, analysis, and performance monitoring, ultimately creating safer work environments and better safety results for workers. However, based on the literature reviewed, there is a notable absence of real-time data integration from actual construction environments in BIM applications, highlighting an area that warrants further exploration and development.

Several areas of safety management could benefit from the application of BIM methodology [73,85], which will be developed in the following paragraphs [86,87,88,89,90]. Based on the analysis of the literature presented above and the issues related to the construction site previously examined by the legislative framework, the following subsections will focus on some of the key points that have emerged as critical areas requiring further attention and potential solutions (see Figure 1). Drawing from the comprehensive review conducted, these subsequent sections aim to delve deeper into the core challenges identified, proposing strategies to address the multifaceted complexities surrounding construction site operations while aligning with regulatory guidelines.

4.1. Construction Site Layout

The inclusion of the construction site plan in a 3D model of the area, including any significant elevation changes, traffic routes, and surrounding structures, facilitates an optimized arrangement of work areas, fixed stations, water and power supply systems, storage areas suitable for preserving different materials and/or waste, internal road layouts, and emergency routes [91]. Additionally, the ability to simulate different configurations makes it possible to identify and resolve potential problems before they occur on site.

4.2. Risk Analysis

With the support of a BIM model, safety engineers can more precisely identify critical areas and assess the necessary protective measures [92]. Through detailed analysis of the model, potential hazard points, such as areas with a high risk of falling, zones with poor visibility, or narrow passages that could impede worker or equipment movement, can be identified. This analysis allows for the preparation of protective measures in advance, such as the use of PPE, installation of protective barriers, appropriate signage, and the definition of safe operating procedures.

4.3. Communication and Worker Information

BIM facilitates clear and detailed communication among all members of the project team. Workers can access precise, up-to-date information on site operations at any time through multimedia supports, including safety instructions that are specific to each phase of work. This is particularly useful for training and orienting new workers, who can visualize standard operating procedures and danger zones via the model. BIM also offers the possibility of creating a digital twin, a virtual model of the environment that allows workers to familiarize themselves with the site and specific operations, reducing the risk of errors and improving overall preparedness [93,94]. This advanced technology proves especially useful during training for emergency management, as it allows for the simulation of scenarios that are difficult to replicate in reality, potentially in the context of a particularly complex site.

4.4. Material and Supply Management

Materials required for each project phase can be accurately tracked, reducing waste and ensuring that supplies are available when needed [95,96,97,98,99]. The ability to foresee and plan material needs ensures better organization of workspaces, with reduced storage clutter and, consequently, a more orderly area with clear, obstacle-free pathways, reducing the risk of trips or falls. Additionally, monitoring stock levels helps prevent overloading and the risk of collapses during handling, while up-to-date information on stored materials and their specifications facilitates monitoring of appropriate storage conditions, reducing the risk of deterioration, and preventing more serious risks like explosions or fires.

4.5. Interference Identification and Management

Thanks to BIM’s ability to integrate various disciplinary models into a single 3D model, potential interferences between different project elements, such as piping, structures, and electrical systems, can be identified in advance. Early identification allows for necessary design adjustments before work begins, preventing hazardous situations on-site and improving worker safety during installation and construction. Even if it is not possible to eliminate interference at the design level, the BIM model will assist the safety coordinator in organizing tasks affected by interference in a way that reduces the risk of accidents caused by temporal or spatial overlaps, and in prescribing appropriate preventive measures.

4.6. Information Traceability and Updating

The BIM model enables the tracking of all modifications made during the project, allowing all involved parties to access the most recent and accurate information [100]. The ability to update the model in real time allows for dynamic and proactive management: every change made to the project is immediately recorded and shared with all team members, ensuring that everyone is aligned and aware of the latest developments. Another important aspect is BIM’s ability to support the analysis of historical data related to the project. Detailed and continuous documentation of changes allows for the examination of the site’s evolutionary path, identifying recurring situations or potential issues that may arise during various construction phases.

5. Methodology

The methodology, developed to study the potential integration of BIM technology with site safety practices, is based on the following steps: data collection process, application/simulation of BIM technology, etc.

The data collection process involved a comprehensive approach, combining document analysis, site observations, and stakeholder interviews. Relevant project documents, such as design plans, safety reports, and construction schedules, were thoroughly reviewed. Site visits were conducted at various stages of the construction process, allowing for firsthand examination of actual conditions and safety implementations. Field notes and photographic evidence were meticulously documented during these visits.

To simulate the application of BIM technology, Autodesk Revit (v.2024) software was used to create a detailed 3D model of the construction site (see Figure 2). This model incorporated structural components, surrounding context, proposed site organization, and existing underground utilities. The accuracy of the BIM model was validated through iterative feedback loops with project stakeholders, ensuring that it reflected real-world conditions and planned construction activities.

The BIM simulation involved various scenarios, such as optimizing site layout, identifying potential hazards and interferences, visualizing construction sequences, and evaluating safety measures. This process was collaborative, involving a multidisciplinary team of BIM specialists, safety experts, and representatives from contracting firms. Throughout the simulation, rigorous documentation procedures were followed to ensure traceability and reproducibility of results.

The analysis focused on assessing the potential benefits, challenges, and limitations of using BIM for construction site safety management.

The study examined potential benefits such as improved communication and coordination among stakeholders, early identification of hazards and interferences, enhanced visualization of safety measures, and streamlined documentation processes. Additionally, challenges and limitations associated with implementing BIM for construction site safety were critically examined, including factors such as software costs, training requirements, and potential resistance to adopting new technologies.

The findings from this comprehensive methodology aimed to provide valuable insights into the effective integration of BIM technology and construction site safety practices, contributing to the development of safer working environments and the protection of workers’ well-being within the construction industry.

The structure under study is located in the province of Vicenza (Italy). The chosen project presented unique challenges, including steep terrain, potential underground utility conflicts, and involvement of multiple specialized contractors, making it an ideal context for evaluating BIM’s applicability in enhancing construction site safety.

The structure is a water tank belonging to the aqueduct system owned by ETRA Spa, currently in use for supplying drinking water to residential areas connected to the main line (see Figure 3).

The work being analyzed involved the construction of a new tank that would serve as an extension of the existing one on-site. The construction entailed building a reinforced concrete structure designed for temporary water storage, consisting of a 5000 cubic meter storage tank and a control chamber for distribution to the network.

The structure was equipped with its own electrical and automation system and was entirely buried, except for the entrance area. Outside the control chamber, an underground structure was built to connect to the existing pipelines located in front of the existing splitter.

The construction phases for the project are shown in Figure 4.

The construction of the project presented several significant peculiarities, including the following:

• Geographic location: Situated on the “Altopiano Asiago” in a moderately steep area, making access for heavy vehicles more challenging. This required careful logistical planning to avoid overlapping deliveries and to organize them in a way that minimized the number of trips needed;
• Wartime risk zone: this required specific checks and prior demining;
• Foundation excavations exceeding 5 m in depth, involving the movement of over 5000 cubic meters of material, which required particular attention to fall prevention measures and the risk of excavation wall collapse. Excavation operations were therefore carried out in sections with the aid of self-sinking metal shoring, ensuring the constant protection of workers. Access to the excavation bottom was made possible through specific ramps, which were covered with gravel or lean concrete to reduce the risk of slipping. After the tank was poured, access was provided via internal scaffolding;
• Presence of other aqueduct utilities: Within the construction site area, there were underground systems and structures that could have interfered with excavation operations;
• Depth of the excavation and its morphological position, together with the presence of additional water utility structures and their related underground services in the surrounding area, posed the added risk of flooding in the excavation due to groundwater rise or potential pipe breakage. Therefore, a WellPoint pumping system was kept on-site throughout the duration of the operations exposed to this risk, in an easily accessible location for potential excavation drainage;
• Non-homogeneous foundation soil: This led to the decision to combine slab foundations for the more stable area with special micropile foundations under the main tank to ensure structural stability in the event of soil subsidence;
• The complexity of the project’s operation required close collaboration between multiple companies and technicians, adding spatial and temporal interference risks to an already variable-rich framework.

In the design phase, fundamental decisions were also made regarding the quality and safety of future maintenance operations necessary to maintain the functionality of the structure. Such water containment structures require regular cleaning operations, which in traditional systems are carried out after the complete emptying of the tanks and the entry of an operator, harnessed and lowered through monitoring hatches, thereby creating a confined space working condition.

In the case under consideration, however, ladders have been installed for access to the tanks from above in situations where full emptying is not required, and for cases where it is necessary, watertight doors have been built for direct access from the ground level of the facility (see Figure 5). This makes the operation much safer and less resource-intensive in terms of equipment and personnel employed.

6. Results

In this study, we aimed to simulate the potential application of BIM technology in a complex construction project to evaluate its benefits and implications. The simulated project involved a large-scale excavation and construction site with multiple challenges, including steep terrain, underground utility conflicts, and the involvement of several specialized companies operating concurrently.

Through the simulation, we explored how the integration of BIM could have facilitated the management of various aspects of the project execution. One notable aspect was the potential for optimizing supply management. By incorporating detailed logistical information into the BIM model, we simulated how the risks associated with the movement of multiple vehicles in the steep and extensive work area could have been reduced [95,96,97,98]. Additionally, the challenges related to storage management, particularly for the large amount of excavation debris awaiting disposal, could have been better addressed through effective planning and visualization within the BIM environment.

Furthermore, the simulation highlighted the advantages of overlaying existing underground utility models onto the project model. This integration would have enabled better visualization of potential conflicts with excavation activities, minimizing the risk of damaging existing systems and ensuring safer operations [101].

One of the key aspects explored in the simulation was the coordination and workspace sharing among the various specialized companies involved in the project. The BIM model provided a powerful tool for visualizing overlapping operations in terms of space and time, allowing operators to better understand the risks associated with such interferences and plan accordingly [21,22,23].

Moreover, the use of the BIM model as a graphical support tool proved invaluable in raising awareness among all project participants about the actual complexity of the work involved at the site. The ability to visualize the intricate details and potential hazards made the risks tangibly clearer and more comprehensible, fostering a heightened sense of safety consciousness [102,103].

Lastly, the simulation highlighted the convenience provided by the BIM system in archiving and organizing all project documentation, whether related to materials, equipment, or the entire complex. The centralized and structured data management capabilities of BIM offered significant advantages in terms of accessibility, traceability, and efficient information sharing among stakeholders [104].

7. Discussion

The findings of this study have significant practical implications for the construction industry, particularly in enhancing site safety practices through the integration of BIM technology. By leveraging the capabilities of BIM, construction firms can gain a competitive advantage by improving their safety performance, reducing the risk of accidents, and fostering a culture of proactive risk mitigation [105,106,107,108]. One key implication is the potential for cost savings and increased efficiency, as construction accidents and injuries often result in substantial financial losses. Implementing BIM-based safety strategies can minimize these risks, leading to improved project timelines and reduced overall costs.

Furthermore, the integration of BIM and safety practices can contribute to improved regulatory compliance and risk management. Construction firms can leverage BIM to demonstrate adherence to safety standards, with the digital documentation serving as evidence of compliance. This can facilitate audits and inspections by regulatory authorities.

Practical implications also extend to reputational benefits, as companies with robust safety records can enhance their brand image and attract top talent in a competitive labor market. Additionally, the adoption of BIM-based practices can foster increased collaboration and communication among project stakeholders, leading to more effective risk mitigation strategies.

The data-driven nature of BIM-based safety management also enables continuous improvement and learning. By analyzing historical data and performance metrics, firms can identify areas for improvement, refine protocols, and implement targeted interventions to address recurring issues or high-risk activities [66].

Realizing these practical implications requires a strategic and well-planned approach to BIM implementation, including investments in hardware, software, and training resources. Construction firms must also foster a culture of collaboration and encourage buy-in from all project stakeholders.

In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of BIM technology to transform construction site safety practices. By embracing this innovative approach, construction firms can enhance worker safety, improve project efficiency, comply with regulations, and ultimately contribute to a more sustainable and responsible construction industry, despite the challenges and investments required for effective implementation.

Overall, the simulated application of BIM technology in this complex construction project demonstrated its potential to streamline processes, enhance collaboration, improve risk management, and promote a safer and more efficient working environment. The study underscored the value of adopting BIM as a comprehensive platform for integrating various aspects of construction projects, from design to execution and documentation.

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Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of using BIM for construction site safety.

Advantages	Disadvantages
Improved communication and organization	Software licensing costs
Cost efficiency	Training/hiring of technical specialists
Reduced errors and inconsistencies between parties	Need to adhere to unambiguous standards and coding
Reduced delivery times	Longer design times
Optimal management of the work life cycle	Disruption of traditional work method

, the advantages and disadvantages of using BIM for construction site safety that have been discussed in this study are summarized. The key benefits and limitations highlighted throughout the work provide a comprehensive overview of how building information modeling (BIM) can impact safety management on construction sites, offering insights into its potential for enhancing safety practices while also acknowledging its challenges [109,110].

8. Conclusions and Practical Implications

This work examined the potential integration between the prevention strategies currently implemented based on Decree 81/08 and BIM technology, with the aim of optimizing safety design in construction sites. A case study was presented to exemplify the results of these evaluations: an existing aqueduct water tank, including structural and plant components, the surrounding context, and the proposed site organization, was modeled using the BIM software REVIT. The study then assessed how this contextualized model could provide valuable support for preliminary evaluations, which are essential for organizing construction operations and drafting a safety and coordination plan, as well as guiding subsequent decisions regarding the maintenance of the facility.

Through a detailed analysis of the case study and critical discussion of the results, this work aimed to provide significant contributions to understanding and promoting innovative practices for improving safety in construction sites through the interaction between regulations and BIM technology.

It was found that an innovative work methodology like BIM is essential for the effective and efficient management of complex sites, either due to the specific characteristics of the context or the intrinsic difficulties of the required operations.

However, the use of BIM technology, especially in the initial stages, requires a significant investment in both financial and time resources. The purchase of multiple software licenses, often very expensive, is necessary, as well as the considerable time required for personnel training and learning a new working method, or for hiring new technicians specialized in the field.

BIM represents a revolution in traditional design and work methods, already widely tested with excellent results worldwide; for complex projects such as the one examined, it would undoubtedly guarantee significant advantages. Nonetheless, in the current Italian context, it is unrealistic to expect its widespread application, especially given the very tight deadlines imposed by current regulations.

9. Future Developments and Limitations

While this study has demonstrated the potential benefits of integrating BIM technology with construction site safety practices, there are still numerous areas that warrant further exploration and development [16,111]. The following sections outline some key future directions and limitations that should be addressed.

One of the major limitations of the current approach is the reliance on manual monitoring and analysis of safety conditions on the construction site. Although BIM provides a comprehensive digital representation, the identification of hazards and assessment of risks still require human intervention and expertise [112]. Future developments should focus on leveraging advanced technologies such as computer vision, sensor networks, and artificial intelligence to enable automated safety monitoring and analytics [113,114].

By integrating real-time data from cameras, wearable sensors, and other IoT devices with the BIM model, it may be possible to continuously track worker movements, equipment operations, and environmental conditions [115]. Machine learning algorithms could then be trained to automatically detect unsafe behaviors, potential collisions, or other hazardous situations, triggering immediate alerts and preventive actions [116,117,118,119,120].

Furthermore, the wealth of data collected could be analyzed to identify patterns, uncover root causes of safety incidents, and optimize safety protocols [121]. Predictive analytics could be employed to forecast potential risks based on historical data, enabling proactive measures to be taken before accidents occur [66].

The construction industry is gradually embracing robotics and automation to improve efficiency, precision, and safety [122]. BIM could play a crucial role in facilitating the seamless integration of these technologies into construction site operations [123].

While the case study has highlighted the potential of BIM for worker training and familiarization, the use of augmented reality and virtual reality technologies could take this aspect to a whole new level [124,125]. By integrating BIM models with AR and VR environments, immersive training experiences could be created, allowing workers to virtually explore the construction site, practice specific tasks, and experience simulated emergency scenarios [26,126,127]. This hands-on, risk-free training approach could significantly enhance worker preparedness and safety awareness, reducing the likelihood of accidents due to unfamiliarity or lack of experience [128]. Furthermore, AR applications could provide real-time safety guidance and instructions to workers on-site, overlaying relevant information from the BIM model onto their physical environment. This could include highlighting potential hazards, displaying safe paths, or providing step-by-step instructions for specific tasks [26,126,127].