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Article

Proposing an Affordable Real-Time Camera-Based Safety and Quality Management Framework for Construction Industries in Developing Countries

by
Zanyar Omar Abdullah
1,*,
Tahir Çelik
1 and
Tolga Çelik
2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Cyprus International University, Nicosia 99258, Cyprus
2
Civil Engineering Department, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, Cyprus
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020156
Submission received: 5 December 2024 / Revised: 1 January 2025 / Accepted: 3 January 2025 / Published: 8 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Abstract

The construction industry in developing countries faces persistent challenges, including limited funding, poor infrastructure, insufficient use of technology, and weak quality management practices. These issues reduce productivity, compromise safety, and lower efficiency, often resulting in project delays, cost overruns, and substandard structures. This study introduces a safety and quality management framework that uses affordable camera technology and a structured web-based platform to address these challenges. The proposed system is designed to identify, document, and resolve potential issues systematically, fostering safer and more efficient construction environments. This research addresses the gap between the potential of technological advancements and their limited adoption in resource-constrained settings. Financial barriers often limit the availability of expertise on-site and restrict access to sophisticated tools, while inadequate quality control exacerbates risks, wastes resources, and undermines project outcomes. By introducing an affordable, easy-to-deploy solution, this study aims to bridge that gap and improve industry practices. Initial case studies have demonstrated promising results, including achieving acceptable quality and safety levels through the help of expertise from abroad. This paper details the design, implementation, and scalability of the proposed system while highlighting its adaptability to diverse construction contexts in developing nations. Additionally, it emphasizes the broader benefits of integrating technology into the construction industry, such as promoting economic growth and supporting sustainable development. Adopting this high-impact, cost-effective solution has the potential to significantly enhance technical capabilities, improve efficiency, and elevate social conditions through safer and more sustainable construction practices. This framework represents a transformative opportunity for the construction industry in developing countries, contributing to long-term progress and prosperity.

1. Introduction

The construction industry plays a key role in the development and economic growth of any nation by providing the infrastructure necessary for daily life and progress [1,2]. However, in developing countries, this sector often faces significant challenges that limit its potential. These challenges include rising inflation, declining commodity prices, and fluctuating exchange rates [3].
One of the most pressing issues is limited funding, which affects various aspects of construction projects. Insufficient financial resources restrict project scope and reduce access to high-quality materials, skilled labor, and modern technology. This financial constraint often forces compromises in critical areas, leading to poor construction conditions, a decline in the quality of the built environment, and frequent maintenance problems.
Poor transportation networks make it difficult to deliver materials to construction sites, causing delays [4]. Similarly, unreliable power supplies disrupt the operation of equipment and machinery, slowing down progress [5]. Another major issue is the unavailability of advanced technological integration due to cost or expertise barriers. While advanced tools and systems can improve project planning, management, and execution, many construction firms in developing nations continue to rely on traditional methods. High costs, limited technical knowledge, and resistance to change hinder the adoption of modern technologies.
Quality management is another critical area that is often neglected. A lack of understanding about its importance leads to frequent errors during construction, many of which are only identified after project completion. These errors increase costs and, in severe cases, require structures to be rebuilt entirely [6,7,8]. Poor quality control in the construction industry causes significant problems, increasing risks and wasting resources. Mismanagement often results in substandard structures that compromise safety and require costly rework. These quality issues arise from preventable errors, leading to unnecessary waste of time [9,10,11], money, and raw materials [12,13].
This challenge is especially common in developing countries, where limited financial resources and a lack of technology hinder effective quality control and cause a shortage in the level of expertise available on-site. The risks go beyond individual projects, affecting society by reducing the quality of infrastructure and hindering sustainable development goals [14,15,16]. These challenges, limited funding, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient technological integration, and poor-quality management negatively impact productivity, safety, and efficiency in the construction industry.
Funding limitations reduce the availability of expertise on-site, as well as material and labor quality; substandard infrastructure causes delays, and the lack of technology and quality management prevents the industry from achieving optimal efficiency and safety. This creates a substantial gap between the industry’s potential and its actual performance [17]. The gap widens as technological advancements remain underutilized [18].
To address these issues, there is a clear need for cost-effective and easily deployable technological solutions that balance affordability and functionality. This study introduces an affordable, real-time, camera-based safety and quality management framework designed specifically for the construction industry in resource-limited environments. The proposed system uses affordable camera technology integrated with a structured web-based platform to systematically identify, document, and resolve safety and quality concerns. By focusing on affordability, scalability, and adaptability, the framework offers a practical solution that addresses the unique challenges of developing countries. The system aims to improve safety, reduce defects, and enhance project timelines to ultimately improve economic growth and support sustainable development. Finally, it is worth noting that there is no validation of the proposed system in quantitative terms, but rather the suitability and applicability of the proposed system was tested through the use of a case study in Iraq.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Traditional Quality Management Systems in Construction

Quality management in construction is a continuous process involving careful inspections, monitoring, and addressing any identified defects or irregularities [19]. Historically, this process has relied heavily on manual observations and professional evaluations, often requiring the presence of a skilled quality inspector on-site to assess the work. A standard practice in these inspections involves using a systematic checklist [20]. This checklist ensures that on-site work complies with established quality standards, promoting consistency and maintaining expected levels of quality.
Traditional quality management methods also involve extensive paper-based documentation. These records include quality plans, project standards, control measures, and notes on any detected discrepancies [21,22]. While commonly used, such systems have notable limitations. Manual inspections are time-intensive, labor-heavy, and susceptible to human error or subjective judgment [23]. This can lead to variability in quality assessments depending on the inspector. Paper documentation, while thorough, is vulnerable to loss, damage, or misplacement, making it difficult to retrieve records and track project progress. The absence of real-time reporting in traditional methods often delays defect rectification, extending timelines and increasing costs.
These challenges are even more pronounced in developing countries, where limited resources and insufficient training exacerbate the issues. Poor construction quality in such regions often leads to catastrophic structural failures, causing loss of life and significant property damage. Beyond immediate consequences, this results in recurring maintenance costs, placing financial strain on economies and undermining the long-term viability of infrastructure [24].
The concept of safety management originated in the 1930s when Heinrich identified that most industrial accidents stemmed from unsafe actions rather than physical hazards. This understanding formed the basis for addressing both worker behavior and environmental risks [25]. Petersen expanded on Heinrich’s work, emphasizing the human element in occupational safety [26]. Research has linked successful safety programs to factors such as management commitment, employee relations, better training, improved work environments, and stable workforce practices [27]. These align with OSHA’s “Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines”, which emphasize leadership, employee participation, workplace analysis, hazard control, and training [28].
Advancements in safety management have introduced perspectives such as behavioral safety [29], safety culture [26,30], safety climate [31], and human error theory [32]. Among these, behavior-based safety (BBS) has gained significant attention since the 1980s because of its effectiveness in accident prevention. BBS involves identifying unsafe behaviors, observing them over time, providing feedback to encourage safer practices, and sharing performance insights with the organization [33]. This method shifts safety performance indicators from lagging to leading measures, focusing on proactive strategies.
Proactive Comprehensive Management Systems (PCMSs) integrate advanced technologies to enhance communication and safety awareness on construction sites. These systems provide features such as position tracking, danger detection, safety training, and real-time hazard alerts. PCMSs include two primary components: the Real-Time Location System (RTLS) and the Virtual Construction Simulation System (VCS).
The RTLS relies on a wireless network that is compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4a standard [34] for tracking objects in dense construction environments. It achieves location accuracy within one meter using trilateration methods. The RTLS manages location data, calculates positions, and sends danger alarms to workers through wearable tags.
The VCS provides real-time visualization of construction processes, tracking people and equipment in a virtual environment. It integrates a 3D model of the site, hazardous zones, and live object locations. When workers approach dangerous areas, the system triggers warning signals to their helmets. This functionality, supported by an intuitive user interface, helps supervisors monitor safety and generate reports remotely.

2.2. Evolution of Technological Integration in Construction Management

In recent years, the construction industry has experienced a significant shift, with technology becoming a central component of quality management practices [35]. This shift has largely been driven by advancements in digital technologies, which have transformed numerous sectors, including construction. The initial adoption of digital documentation served as a foundational step in this transformation, offering more efficient ways to manage and share project information [36]. Moving away from paper-based systems, the industry embraced digital document management systems, which streamlined operations and made data more accessible and organized.
As technology continued to advance, more complex solutions emerged, fundamentally changing the industry’s operational landscape. One notable innovation is Building Information Modeling (BIM), a 3D model-based process that enables professionals in architecture, engineering, and construction to design, plan, and manage projects more effectively [37,38]. BIM allows for virtual project visualization, reducing errors and enhancing precision during construction [39,40,41,42].
The Internet of Things (IoT) has further expanded technological capabilities in the construction industry [43,44]. Through internet-connected sensors, the IoT facilitates remote monitoring of project elements, such as inventory, equipment performance, and environmental conditions, which improves efficiency and quality management [43,44,45]. Advanced sensors collect real-time data on various parameters, enabling rapid responses to potential issues and maintaining high construction standards [46,47].
These technological advancements have led to several benefits, including increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and better communication among project stakeholders. This fosters smoother collaboration and reduces misunderstandings, ultimately minimizing the risk of project failures. However, challenges remain. High implementation costs for advanced systems, along with the need for specialized training, can be barriers for smaller construction firms. Furthermore, as digital tools become more widespread, concerns about data privacy and security grow, with potential risks of breaches or unauthorized access posing legal and financial implications [48].
Recent advancements in safety management within the construction industry include the application of machine learning techniques such as Grounded Theory (GT), Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs), and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) [49]. GT is a qualitative research method that derives theory from qualitative data analysis, such as interviews. This method includes three main stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding [50]. Axial coding relates categories to subcategories, addressing contextual factors and processes that explain a phenomenon. Selective coding integrates the data into a coherent theory by identifying a central theme.
Another approach, Cognitive Maps (CMs), originally proposed, represents causal relationships graphically. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) were introduced to extend this concept by incorporating fuzzy logic to account for uncertainties in causal relationships [51]. FCMs combine principles from neural networks and fuzzy sets, making them versatile for applications in areas such as decision making, planning, and predictive modeling [52].

2.3. Camera-Based Safety and Quality Management Systems for Developing Countries

In construction quality management, camera-based systems are becoming increasingly popular and reshaping the industry [53,54]. These systems rely on advanced digital imaging technology to improve the identification and correction of defects and non-compliance in construction projects [55,56]. At the core of these systems are high-resolution cameras capable of capturing detailed views of construction sites.
The visual data collected, whether as still images or video, offers a thorough perspective of the entire construction process, from minute structural components to broader site overviews [56].
The integration of machine learning algorithms with digital imaging technology has significantly advanced construction quality management. These algorithms analyze the captured data to identify deviations from established quality standards [57]. The complexity of analysis can range from simple comparisons, such as color matching, to more advanced tasks like pattern recognition and anomaly detection [58].
Research shows that camera-based systems enhance efficiency and effectiveness in quality management. A major advantage is real-time monitoring, enabling immediate detection and resolution of issues, which helps prevent delays and cost overruns [59]. These systems also reduce reliance on manual inspections, which are labor-intensive and prone to human error, thereby improving accuracy and saving time [60]. Additionally, digital records created by these systems support accountability and facilitate future analyses, contributing to continuous process improvement [56].
However, adopting these systems involves challenges. Initial costs can be high due to sophisticated hardware, software, and maintenance requirements. Privacy concerns also arise, particularly in residential projects or areas with pedestrian activity, necessitating compliance with privacy laws. Furthermore, managing the large volumes of data generated requires robust infrastructure [61,62].
Cost barriers and technical capacity limitations are especially significant in developing countries. These regions often face financial constraints and a lack of skilled personnel to implement and maintain such systems [63,64]. Addressing these issues requires exploring affordable hardware, open-source software, and training programs to build local expertise.
Research should focus on identifying cost-effective solutions, optimizing open-source tools, and designing effective training initiatives. Such efforts could make camera-based systems more accessible and allow developing countries to benefit from improved quality management in construction. These advancements have the potential to enhance efficiency, safety, and quality globally, contributing to industry growth.
Safety is another critical aspect, particularly in preventing struck-by accidents. Traditional manual observations have limitations due to time and accuracy constraints [65]. Sensor-based methods, such as GPS, radar, and RFID systems, offer automated solutions for proximity monitoring [66,67]. However, these methods often involve high costs and logistical challenges, such as tagging equipment and workers [68].
Computer vision-based techniques provide a promising alternative. These systems rely on object detection and tracking through cameras such as RGB-depth, stereo, or 2D RGB cameras. While RGB-depth cameras may face challenges in outdoor environments, stereo cameras and 2D RGB cameras are more commonly used in construction for surveillance and proximity detection [69]. Table 1 shows the brief review of camera-based safety and quality management systems for developing countries.

3. Developed Framework

The primary goal of this framework is to bring meaningful improvements to the construction industry in developing countries. The proposed affordable framework is particularly well suited to developing countries due to its affordability and adaptability to environments with unskilled personnel and limited technological infrastructure. However, its applicability in developed countries warrants careful consideration. The proposed framework does hold some potential in developed countries, especially for the following:
  • Small-to-Medium-Sized Enterprises: Small-to-medium-sized enterprises in the construction sector often operate under budget constraints and may find the affordable nature of this framework advantageous.
  • Specific Use Cases: Projects requiring rapid deployment, temporary setups, or supplemental quality control mechanisms could benefit from this system’s simplicity and real-time monitoring capabilities.
  • Remote Sites: Construction in remote or challenging terrains may find value in the framework’s lightweight and portable nature.
Construction projects in these regions often face challenges such as a shortage of skilled and trained personnel, resulting in safety hazards, delays, and financial losses. This framework addresses these issues by incorporating expertise from abroad to ensure improved safety standards, better quality control, and efficient project management. It aims to connect global knowledge with local teams, overcoming barriers of distance and cost.
The framework consists of two main components: a wearable technology interface and a centralized project management platform. These components are linked through an internet connectivity layer that enables real-time interaction and data exchange. The wearable technology interface is a practical tool for enhancing on-site safety, featuring a camera mounted on a construction helmet. This placement minimizes interference with workers’ routines while providing a reliable way to collect live data. The camera captures real-time video and audio, which are transmitted directly to the centralized platform.
The helmet-mounted camera is designed with durability, ease of use, and high-quality output in mind. It can withstand harsh construction conditions, integrates seamlessly with existing safety gear, and does not restrict movement or add significant weight. These features encourage workers to adopt them and ensure their effectiveness as safety tools.
The centralized project management platform serves as the framework’s digital core, functioning as a hub for data collection, analysis, and decision making. It integrates live feeds from the helmet cameras, enabling real-time communication between on-site workers and remote experts. This platform uses principles of BIM to manage resources, tasks, and personnel intelligently. It provides easy access to construction models, project timelines, blueprints, and other essential information, making project management more effective and aligned with industry standards in developed markets.
An interactive dashboard simplifies project tracking, risk identification, and preventive action. The platform also offers features like task checklists, performance tracking, and video call archiving. This archive creates a database for future reference and supports continuous learning, helping improve training programs and refine safety and quality protocols over time.
The live streaming capability connects the wearable technology interface with the centralized platform, enabling real-time video and audio transmission from the construction site. This connection allows for immediate identification and resolution of safety concerns and quality issues. The collaboration between local workers and remote experts not only addresses immediate project needs but also fosters ongoing professional growth and knowledge sharing. This approach promotes global best practices, helping to raise the standards of the construction industry in developing countries. Overall, this framework has the potential to reduce costs, improve project outcomes, and contribute to the growth of the construction industry by creating safer, more efficient, and higher-quality work environments.

3.1. Camera-Based System

The wearable technology interface features a camera mounted on a construction helmet. The camera includes a 2-inch LCD screen and offers recording resolutions of 1080 p, 1296 p, 1440 p, and 1512 p. It records at 30 fps across all resolutions except 1512 p, which operates at 25 fps, ensuring smooth and high-definition footage essential for capturing accurate, real-time site data. It supports simultaneous audio and video recording in both on-demand and continuous modes, using H.264 or H.265 compression, which is particularly useful in rapidly changing construction environments. The camera also features a snapshot function for capturing still images during recording, which is useful for documenting significant events or benchmarks.
The device provides built-in storage ranging from 32 GB to 128 GB. To handle low-light conditions, the camera integrates a flashlight, a laser for pinpointing the focal area, and an IR function with a visibility range of up to 10 m. These features make the camera adaptable and reliable under various environmental conditions. Figure 1 demonstrates the proposed framework for affordable real-time camera-based safety and quality management.
In terms of connectivity, the camera includes advanced network capabilities such as TCP/IP protocol, 3G/4G, WiFi, and Bluetooth (BT4.1), along with embedded GPS. These allow for seamless integration into a centralized project management platform, facilitating real-time data exchange. The platform acts as the system’s digital hub, connecting helmet cameras and enabling interaction between on-site workers and remote experts. It supports two-way radio communication, a user-friendly interface displaying record time, device ID, and location via OSD, and playback and file management features. Playback includes options for different speeds and pre- and post-recording functionalities (10 s pre-recording and 20 s post-recording), which are valuable for capturing unexpected events.
The platform is designed to withstand harsh conditions, functioning in temperatures from −40 °F to 140 °F and humidity levels between 40% and 80%. It carries an IP68 rating, ensuring resistance to dust, dirt, and sand and protection against submersion in water up to 1.5 m for 30 min.
The helmet camera and centralized platform maintain strong connectivity through embedded 3G/4G and WiFi, enabling real-time audio and video transmission from the site to the management platform. The dual bitstream feature allows for simultaneous recording and live streaming over 3G/4G, ensuring uninterrupted data flow. Powered by a 4000 mAh non-replaceable battery, the system supports up to 12 h of continuous recording on a 4G connection.
This advanced camera system, paired with the robust centralized platform, enables precise and effective project monitoring in real time. It bridges the gap between global expertise and local teams, significantly improving safety and project quality while reducing distance and cost barriers. The functionalities of the wearable tech interface and centralized platform are summarized in Table 2. The components of the camera system device are shown in Figure 2.
Finally, in terms of cost, the device can be built with affordable components; however, as in the case of any other device, the final cost of the device will depend on various factors, including the number of purchased items, source of purchasing, and locations of the purchase.

3.2. Centralized Construction Management Platform

The construction management platform is a key component of a comprehensive system designed to enable efficient, collaborative, and organized management of construction projects. Built with advanced technologies such as MVC, C#, HTML, AngularJS, CSS Bootstrap, and MS-SQL Server, this platform is a powerful tool that integrates seamlessly with wearable technology interfaces and incorporates BIM principles. It offers a wide range of features to support every phase of project management, combining coordination, communication, and documentation to improve productivity, transparency, and accountability.
The platform’s web-based interface is intuitive and accessible to users of all technical levels, making it an inclusive solution for project teams. In the “Main Pages” section, users can input detailed project information, including the project name, owner, stakeholders, address, area, duration, start and end dates, operational date, and description. BIM capabilities allow the platform to manage digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of construction projects, enabling more precise planning and execution. Projects can be further organized with specific procedures, specifications, plans, checklists, forms, and quality tests.
A standout feature is the integration with a wearable camera system, which allows users to list cameras, including their IP addresses and links, creating a real-time connection between on-site activities and off-site management. This capability enhances monitoring accuracy and speeds up decision making by providing live data from the construction site. The use of BIM enhances this feature by enabling real-time visualization and comparison against digital models.
The platform includes a variety of customizable templates, allowing users to add, edit, deactivate, or delete options. Templates can be categorized to match project needs, such as checklists, preparation standards, and test protocols. Similarly, project procedures and test categories can be tailored, providing an adaptable approach to meet the specific requirements of each project. These templates align with BIM’s focus on standardization and efficiency.
Stakeholder management is another critical feature, enabling users to manage details about project supervisors, stakeholders, and owners efficiently. This functionality simplifies communication, ensuring accurate and timely information exchange within the project framework. The integration of BIM tools further supports collaborative planning and decision making among stakeholders.
For security, the platform offers a User Account section where roles like admin, supervisor, and owner can be created. Passwords are protected using the MD5 hashing algorithm, adding a layer of security. The Company Profile section stores company information for stakeholders to easily access. BIM’s centralized data management principles contribute to enhanced security and streamlined access control.
A dedicated Reporting section provides customizable and filterable reports, enabling users to track project progress and status based on selected date ranges or table headers. This feature supports real-time tracking and improves project oversight, with BIM integration ensuring that these reports are backed by detailed and accurate project data.
Additional features include a chat system for instant communication, a note-taking tool for reminders or important points, and options for manual or automatic data backups to ensure information security. These features align with the collaborative nature of BIM by fostering real-time communication and data sharing.
The platform also includes a comprehensive login system that allows dispatchers to connect using account credentials, local addresses, and server configurations. It supports multiple languages and versions and offers adjustable settings for server addresses, ports, video call parameters, and transport protocols.
The main interface includes modules for Contacts, Groups, Reports, Maps, Video Monitoring, Call Monitoring, Member Lists, Record Lists, Web Pages, Backstage Management, Messaging, and Dialing. These modules enhance construction management through organized contact lists, group setups, real-time location tracking, multimedia communication, and surveillance. Features like voice dispatching, electronic fencing, GPS tracking, and playback of activity records further improve task management and monitoring capabilities.
This centralized construction management platform, with its integration of BIM principles and advanced technological features, provides a comprehensive solution for optimizing workflows, improving communication, and maintaining control over construction projects. Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 demonstrate the main interface contacts, video monitoring interface, main interface dial, and tick-temporary group-video broadcast of the centralized project management platform, respectively. Table 3 describes the components of the centralized project management platform.

3.3. Practical Implementation: Step-by-Step Procedure

To effectively implement this system in practice, the following step-by-step procedure is recommended:
  • Initial Assessment and Planning:
    • Conduct a detailed assessment of the construction site to identify safety and quality risks.
    • Map out key areas where monitoring is required and establish priorities.
    • Develop an implementation plan that includes hardware setup, software configuration, and training schedules.
  • Hardware Deployment:
    • Install wearable devices, such as helmet-mounted cameras, for on-site personnel.
    • Set up connectivity infrastructure, including WiFi hotspots or mobile data solutions, to ensure stable real-time communication.
    • Ensure backup power supplies are in place to address potential power disruptions.
  • Software Configuration:
    • Customize the centralized project management platform to reflect the project’s unique requirements, including specific BIM parameters, task lists, and performance indicators.
    • Integrate real-time video streaming features and set up data storage for archiving video feeds and communications.
    • Configure user access permissions to protect sensitive data while enabling collaboration.
  • Team Training:
    • Train on-site personnel to use wearable devices and adhere to safety protocols.
    • Provide virtual training sessions for off-site experts on the platform’s functionalities, including real-time monitoring and feedback capabilities.
    • Conduct trial runs to familiarize teams with the system and identify potential issues.
  • Live Deployment:
    • Launch the system during actual construction activities, starting with a pilot phase to refine processes.
    • Monitor live feeds to ensure safety compliance and address quality concerns in real time.
    • Use the platform’s interactive dashboard to track progress and identify emerging risks.
  • Performance Monitoring and Feedback:
    • Regularly review performance metrics captured by the platform, such as incident rates, task completion times, and quality scores.
    • Conduct weekly meetings to discuss findings and implement improvements.
    • Archive data and feedback for future analysis and continuous improvement.
  • Post-Project Evaluation:
    • Evaluate the overall impact of the system on project outcomes, including safety, quality, and financial performance.
    • Document lessons learned and create the best practice guide for future projects.

3.4. Implementation Difficulties and Potential Resolutions

Implementing the camera-based safety and quality management system posed several challenges, particularly regarding cyber security, which required proactive strategies to ensure robust functionality and data integrity. Sensitive data, including video feeds and project details, were vulnerable to cyberattacks, necessitating the implementation of advanced encryption protocols, secure VPNs, and multi-factor authentication for all users. The centralized platform was also at risk of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, for which robust intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) and redundant server infrastructure were deployed to ensure system uptime. Wearable devices, prone to loss or theft, were equipped with biometric authentication and remote wipe capabilities to prevent unauthorized access. Additionally, weak internet connections posed vulnerabilities to man-in-the-middle attacks, addressed by adopting secure communication protocols like HTTPS and TLS and monitoring network traffic for anomalies. Compliance with local data storage and privacy regulations was another critical challenge, resolved by collaborating with legal experts and customizing the system to align with regional requirements. These measures collectively ensured that the system operated securely and effectively, overcoming potential obstacles to its successful deployment. Table 4 shows the challenges and solutions of the proposed system.

3.5. Contribution to Sustainability and Alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goals

The proposed camera-based safety and quality management system significantly contributes to sustainability and aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By enhancing construction safety, reducing waste, and improving project efficiency, this system fosters sustainable growth and development within the construction sector. The system promotes sustainable industrialization (SDG 9) by integrating innovative technologies like real-time monitoring and BIM into construction practices, thereby improving infrastructure quality and supporting the adoption of modern, resilient methods in developing countries. By enhancing construction quality and efficiency, it aids in developing safer, more sustainable buildings and communities (SDG 11), creating urban spaces that prioritize safety, reduce resource consumption, and maintain high living standards. The reduction in construction waste and rework directly contributes to responsible resource use (SDG 12) by minimizing material wastage and optimizing resource utilization through real-time quality monitoring. Furthermore, the framework fosters decent work environments (SDG 8) by enhancing safety protocols, reducing workplace hazards, and enabling skill development via global knowledge sharing, collectively boosting productivity and contributing to economic growth. Lastly, the system’s ability to connect local teams with global expertise fosters international collaboration (SDG 17), facilitating the exchange of best practices and aligning construction methodologies with global standards to advance sustainable development objectives. Table 5 demonstrates the different features of the proposed system that meet the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

4. Case Study

The construction industry in developing countries such as Iraq often grapples with complex challenges, including limited experienced personnel, inadequate safety measures, frequent project delays, and inflated financial costs. These challenges pose substantial barriers to the smooth execution of construction projects and often result in occupational hazards, compromised project quality, and increased burdens on stakeholders. To confront these challenges, a transformative framework was proposed. This innovative solution, comprising a real-time camera-based safety and quality management tool, was specially designed and deployed to address the distinct issues characteristic of the construction sector in developing economies. The framework’s application was demonstrated in the Grand Boulevard—Nergis Park project, an extensive residential community located in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. As illustrated in Figure 7, this project is located at the Sarchinar crossroad beside the Judicial Court of Sulaymaniyah and consists of three residential buildings: Orchid, Lavender, and Tulip, each comprising 36 floors with six apartments per floor. The project also features significant green areas, including the future Nergis Park, which constitutes 75% of the project’s total area. Moreover, the project provides ample parking space, with five floors dedicated to parking, ensuring each apartment has two parking spaces along with guest parking.
The framework was envisioned to break the constraints of geography and costs that frequently hinder access to global expertise for local teams in these regions. At the heart of the solution is a digital platform integrated with real-time communication capabilities, which enables professionals from all over the world to lend their knowledge and guidance in a real-time context. This powerful feature allows for the immediate prevention of safety incidents or quality breaches that might otherwise lead to project delays or financial losses. The proposed framework is composed of two main components: a wearable tech interface and a centralized project management platform. These components are interconnected through an internet connectivity layer, facilitating real-time interaction and data exchange. As seen in Figure 8, the wearable tech interface, designed with practicality in mind, consists of a camera affixed to a standard construction helmet. This simple yet effective tool is used to capture live, on-site data, including video and audio, which is then transmitted seamlessly to the centralized platform in real time. Figure 8 shows the centralized project management platform, a digital hub of the framework, which aggregates and analyzes the captured data. It incorporates the principles of BIM, a leading approach to intelligent management of construction resources, tasks, and personnel. The platform’s real-time communication feature, combined with live feeds from the helmet-mounted cameras, enables off-site experts to provide immediate guidance and evaluations, greatly reducing the likelihood of accidents and significantly enhancing project quality. Furthermore, the platform is equipped with robust project management features such as task checklists and performance tracking, which ensure that project milestones are achieved within the defined timeline and budget. An interactive dashboard on the platform allows for easy tracking of project progress and early identification of potential risks, thereby facilitating efficient implementation of preventive measures.
While the framework’s implementation faced anticipated challenges, particularly in the context of network connectivity and power supply in Iraq, its efficient nature facilitated successful deployment of the project. The camera-based system served multiple functions, promoting safety, improving construction quality, and facilitating knowledge sharing among construction professionals. The system’s capacity to archive video calls and recordings proved invaluable in creating a database for future reference, fostering a continuous learning environment, and contributing to the improvement of safety and quality protocols over time. Despite certain technological and acceptance hurdles, the system’s successful deployment showcased its potential to revolutionize safety and quality management practices in the construction industries of developing countries. The proposed framework has the potential to lead to substantial enhancements in productivity, minimized waste, improved safety, and overall growth in the construction sector. It also highlights the importance of adopting high-impact technology in addressing enduring quality management challenges faced by construction industries in developing countries. With its demonstrated success in the Grand Boulevard—Nergis Park project, the framework emerges as a promising solution for the construction industry, paving the way for sustainable growth in a safer and more efficient environment. Figure 9 shows the information input into the adopted platform.

5. Conclusions

This study introduced an affordable, real-time camera-based system for safety and quality management, with promising applications in the construction industry of developing countries like Iraq. By integrating a digital platform with live communication features, professionals from various locations were able to contribute their expertise in real-time. This achieved acceptable safety and construction quality. The use of BIM principles within the project management platform enabled smarter resource allocation and better project outcomes, showcasing the potential for substantial improvements in the construction sector.
Challenges during implementation, such as network connectivity and power issues, were addressed effectively due to the system’s cost efficiency and reliability. The camera-based system played a key role in promoting safety, enhancing construction quality, and facilitating knowledge sharing, which contributed to raising industry standards. Additionally, the ability to store video calls and recordings created a valuable resource for future training and development, strengthening safety and quality protocols. This feature alone highlights the framework’s significance in driving continuous improvement within the industry.
Although there were technological and cultural barriers during deployment, the framework demonstrated significant potential to reshape safety and quality management practices in construction for developing countries.
This case study highlights how affordable, impactful technology can address persistent challenges in construction. By adopting similar innovative solutions, developing countries can achieve sustainable growth with safer, more efficient, and higher-quality construction practices. This study concludes that this framework provides a practical model for future construction projects in these regions. With ongoing research and refinement, the system is expected to adapt to emerging challenges and drive meaningful progress in the global construction industry.
A limitation of this study is the fact that the system’s effectiveness was demonstrated in a single case study, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Thus, future studies should look to investigate the benefits and challenges of this study in other developing countries beyond the context of the provided case study.
Finally, this study has contributed to the literature by developing a new framework that can help overcome some of the issues in the construction industry, such as the limited availability of expertise on-site that affects the effective safety and quality management of projects.

Author Contributions

The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Z.O.A., T.Ç. (Tahir Çelik) and T.Ç. (Tolga Çelik); analysis and interpretation of results: Z.O.A., T.Ç. (Tahir Çelik) and T.Ç. (Tolga Çelik); draft manuscript preparation: Z.O.A.; manuscript review & editing: Z.O.A., T.Ç. (Tahir Çelik) and T.Ç. (Tolga Çelik). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Proposed framework for affordable real-time camera-based safety and quality management.
Figure 1. Proposed framework for affordable real-time camera-based safety and quality management.
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Figure 2. Adopted affordable camera system device.
Figure 2. Adopted affordable camera system device.
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Figure 3. Main interface contacts of the centralized project management platform.
Figure 3. Main interface contacts of the centralized project management platform.
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Figure 4. Video monitoring interface providing real-time surveillance of construction sites.
Figure 4. Video monitoring interface providing real-time surveillance of construction sites.
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Figure 5. Main interface dial of the centralized project management platform.
Figure 5. Main interface dial of the centralized project management platform.
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Figure 6. Tick-temporary group-video broadcast of the centralized project management platform.
Figure 6. Tick-temporary group-video broadcast of the centralized project management platform.
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Figure 7. Overview of the Grand Boulevard—Nergis Park project.
Figure 7. Overview of the Grand Boulevard—Nergis Park project.
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Figure 8. Wearable tech interface.
Figure 8. Wearable tech interface.
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Figure 9. Information input into the adopted platform.
Figure 9. Information input into the adopted platform.
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Table 1. A brief review of camera-based safety and quality management systems for developing countries.
Table 1. A brief review of camera-based safety and quality management systems for developing countries.
StudySystem FeaturesContext/ApplicationLimitations of the StudyAdvantageous of Proposed System
Akinci et al. [70]Utilizes laser scanners and photogrammetry for quality control in construction.Applied in construction projects for detecting dimensional discrepancies.High costs of laser scanners and photogrammetry limit accessibility, especially in developing regions or small-scale projects.The proposed system offers a more cost-effective solution by using affordable cameras and open source software, reducing initial and operational expenses.
Kim et al. [71]Implements automated progress tracking using 4D BIM and image processing techniques.Used in monitoring construction progress and comparing it with planned schedules.Requires integration with 4D BIM, which has a steep learning curve and high software costs, limiting widespread adoption.The proposed system provides real-time monitoring capabilities with lower hardware costs, making it accessible for small-to-medium-sized projects.
Golparvar-Fard et al. [72]Integrates photogrammetry and BIM for automated construction progress monitoring and quality control.Focuses on enhancing accuracy in progress tracking and defect detection in construction projects.Relies heavily on photogrammetry, which is computationally intensive and unsuitable for real-time analysis in resource-constrained settings.The proposed system combines real-time defect detection and safety monitoring.
Chi et al. [73]Uses computer vision techniques for automated detection of construction defects from site images.Focuses on improving the efficiency of quality inspections in construction projects.The system is limited by its dependence on high-quality data and may fail to perform adequately in low-light or noisy environments.The proposed system integrates customizable privacy features, ensuring compliance with data protection regulations across various regions.
Fang et al. [74]Uses convolutional neural networks for detecting workers and heavy equipment on construction sites.Focused on ensuring safety by monitoring worker–equipment interaction zones to prevent accidents.Requires substantial computational resources for neural network operations, limiting deployment in resource-constrained environments.Proposed system offers similar safety monitoring capabilities at a fraction of the cost, making it accessible to smaller-scale projects.
Fang et al. [75]Implements a real-time construction safety monitoring system using computer vision and deep learning algorithms.Applied in construction sites to detect and prevent safety hazards in real time.Requires significant computational resources for deep learning algorithms, making it expensive for smaller projects or developing regions.The proposed system’s real-time monitoring capabilities enhance both safety and quality management, streamlining processes and reducing costs.
Table 2. Functionalities of the wearable tech interface alongside the centralized project management platform.
Table 2. Functionalities of the wearable tech interface alongside the centralized project management platform.
FeatureWearable Tech InterfaceCentralized Project Management Platform
Display2-inch LCD screenOn-Screen Display (OSD)
ResolutionUp to 1512 pN/A
Frame RateUp to 30 fpsN/A
Recording ModesOn-demand or continuousSupports playback
CompressionH.264/H.265N/A
AudioSupports audio recordingSupports two-way intercom
Light sourceFlashlight, Laser, IR (up to 10 m)N/A
StorageEmbedded (32~128 GB)N/A
NetworkTCP/IP, 3G/4G, WiFi, Bluetooth BT4.1TCP/IP, 3G/4G, WiFi, Bluetooth BT 4.1
GPSEmbeddedN/A
Additional FeaturesPush-to-talk radio, snapshot during recording, record time display, device ID and location, overwrite, play speed, pre-post recording, recording encryptionRadio communication, pre-post recording, recording encryption
EnvironmentTemperature: −40–−60°, Humidity: 40~80%Temperature: −20–+55°, Humidity: 5% RH–95% RH non-condensing
Battery Capacity4000 mAh non-replaceable battery, up to 12 h recording time2500 mAh X2 (interchangeable) +280 mAh, up to 8 h recording time
Dimensions83.254.829.8 mm230.0200.5036.40 mm
WeightApprox. 145 g300 ± 5 g
IP RatingIP68IP66
Other FeaturesDual bit stream, indicator lightsDual bit stream, indicator lights, SOS and Man Down functionality, GeoFence, five configurable buttons
Table 3. Components of the centralized project management platform.
Table 3. Components of the centralized project management platform.
ComponentDescription
LoginSecure login with account number, password, local address selection, and language options.
SettingsConfiguration of server address, data and signaling ports, video call parameters, and transport protocols.
ContactsOrganized display of contact lists and group configurations.
GroupsManagement of various groups such as conference, intercom, and broadcast groups.
ReportDisplay and management of photos, videos, and audio recordings uploaded by users.
MapReal-time online maps showing member locations and enabling various monitoring functions.
Video MonitorInterface for real-time video surveillance of construction sites.
Call MonitorReal-time audio surveillance and management of voice communications.
Member ListReal-time display of member lists in a user-friendly format.
Record ListManagement of local photos and videos.
Web PageIntegration with third-party systems and access to additional online resources.
Backstage ManagementTools for task management and administrative functions.
MessageInterface for sending and receiving multimedia messages between users and dispatchers.
DialDial pad for initiating and managing calls.
Voice DispatchingFunctions for point-to-point calls, group conferencing, monitoring, and emergency call handling.
Electronic FenceCreation and management of electronic fences with alerts for boundary crossings.
GPS TrackingReal-time tracking of member locations and movement.
Track PlaybackPlayback of member movement history over specified timeframes.
System SettingsComprehensive settings for automatic call handling, offline maps, video recording, and log management.
Temporary GroupsQuick creation of temporary audio, video, and teleconference groups for dynamic communication needs.
Table 4. Challenges and suggested solutions of the proposed system.
Table 4. Challenges and suggested solutions of the proposed system.
ChallengeDescriptionSuggested Solution
Data Security and PrivacyVulnerability to unauthorized access or cyberattacks.Advanced encryption, secure VPNs, multi-factor authentication.
System DowntimeRisk of prolonged downtime due to DDoS attacks.Robust IDPS, redundant server infrastructure.
Unauthorized Device AccessPotential access by unauthorized users through stolen devices.Biometric authentication, remote wipe capability.
Network Connectivity VulnerabilitiesExposure to man-in-the-middle attacks due to weak connections.Secure protocols (HTTPS, TLS), network traffic monitoring.
Compliance with Local RegulationsNeed to meet varying data storage and privacy laws.Collaboration with legal experts, system customization.
Table 5. Sustainability benefits of the proposed system in accordance with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
Table 5. Sustainability benefits of the proposed system in accordance with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
FeatureRelevant SDGsContribution
Real-Time MonitoringSDG 9, SDG 11Enhances construction efficiency and quality, supports resilient infrastructure development.
Waste ReductionSDG 12Minimizes material wastage, promotes responsible resource consumption.
Safety ProtocolsSDG 8Improves workplace safety, ensures decent working conditions.
Global CollaborationSDG 17Facilitates international knowledge sharing and best practice adoption.
Quality Management IntegrationSDG 11Supports sustainable urban development by improving construction standards.
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Abdullah, Z.O.; Çelik, T.; Çelik, T. Proposing an Affordable Real-Time Camera-Based Safety and Quality Management Framework for Construction Industries in Developing Countries. Buildings 2025, 15, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020156

AMA Style

Abdullah ZO, Çelik T, Çelik T. Proposing an Affordable Real-Time Camera-Based Safety and Quality Management Framework for Construction Industries in Developing Countries. Buildings. 2025; 15(2):156. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020156

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah, Zanyar Omar, Tahir Çelik, and Tolga Çelik. 2025. "Proposing an Affordable Real-Time Camera-Based Safety and Quality Management Framework for Construction Industries in Developing Countries" Buildings 15, no. 2: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020156

APA Style

Abdullah, Z. O., Çelik, T., & Çelik, T. (2025). Proposing an Affordable Real-Time Camera-Based Safety and Quality Management Framework for Construction Industries in Developing Countries. Buildings, 15(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020156

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