Optimising Design Parameters of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in Different Climate Zones in Australia
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design Parameters to Be Optimised
2.2. Optimisation Methods
2.2.1. Design Parameters for Optimisation
2.2.2. Mathematical Model
2.2.3. Pareto Optimality Method
2.3. BIPV-DSF Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimising BIPV-DSF for High-Humidity Summer and Warm Winter Climate (Darwin)
3.2. Optimising BIPV-DSF for Warm Temperate Climate (Sydney)
3.3. Optimising BIPV-DSF for Cool Temperate Climate (Canberra)
4. Conclusions
- Thermal transmittance of internal window of the BIPV-DSF (Uin);
- Solar heat gain coefficient of external window of the BIPV-DSF (SHGCout).
- In the high-humidity summer and warm winter climate zone (Darwin): naturally-ventilated BIPV-DSF with a semi-transparent perovskite-based PV glazing either facing north, south or west being utilised throughout the year. In this case, a Uin of 5.16 W/m2K and a SHGCout of 0.81 are optimum; while the Uin and SHGCout should be 5.53 W/m2K and 0.81, respectively, when the BIPV-DSF is east-oriented.
- In the warm temperate climate zone (Sydney): a semi-transparent perovskite-based PV glazed BIPV-DSF facing north, east and west should be non-ventilated and naturally-ventilated during the cold and hot months, respectively. In this case, a Uin of 5.87 W/m2K and SHGCout of 0.81 are optimum. However, the Uin and SHGCout should be 5.16 W/m2K and 0.81, respectively, when the BIPV-DSF is south-oriented.
- In the cool temperate climate (Canberra): a semi-transparent perovskite-based PV glazed BIPV-DSF facing north, east and west should be operated as non-ventilated and naturally-ventilated modes, respectively, during the cold and hot months. In this case, a Uin of 5.87 W/m2K and SHGCout of 0.81 are optimum, while the respective Uin and SHGCout should be 5.16 W/m2K and 0.81 when the BIPV-DSF is facing south.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbols | |
A | PV panel exposed area [m2] |
d(x)min | shortest distance of non-dominated solution to the “ideal point” [-] |
EH | exceedance hours or total discomfort hours [-] |
f1(x) | objective function 1 [hrs/year] |
f2(x) | objective function 2 [kWh/m2/year] |
GT | total incident solar radiation on PV panel surface [kW/m2] |
Hdisc | a discomfort hour [-] |
IAM | incidence angle modifier [-] |
min(f1) | minimum value of objective function 1 [hrs/year] |
min(f2) | minimum value of objective function 2 [kWh/m2/year] |
PPV | PV electric power production [kW] |
qcomb,s,i | combined convective and radiative heat flux in the space [kW] |
qcomb,s,o | combined convective and radiative heat flux to the surface [kW] |
qs,i | conductive heat flux from the wall at the inside surface [kW] |
qs,o | conductive heat flux into the wall at the outside surface [kW] |
Ss,i | solar radiation and long-wave radiation generated from internal objects [kW] |
Ss,o | solar radiation from external surfaces [kW] |
SHGC | solar heat gain coefficient [-] |
SHGCout | solar heat gain coefficient of external window of BIPV-DSF [-] |
U-value | thermal transmittance [W/m2K] |
Uin | thermal transmittance of internal window of BIPV-DSF [W/m2K] |
Uout | thermal transmittance of external window of BIPV-DSF [W/m2K] |
Wallgain | user defined energy flow to inside wall or window surfaces [kW] |
x | a design variable [-] |
Greek symbols | |
ηPV | PV power conversion efficiency [%] |
τα | product of PV panel’s transmittance and absorptance [-] |
Subscripts | |
n | normal incidence angle of solar radiation |
Abbreviations | |
BIPV | building-integrated photovoltaic |
BIPV-DSF | building-integrated photovoltaic double-skin facade |
CdTe | cadmium telluride |
CIGS | copper indium gallium selenide |
DSF | double-skin facade |
NatVent-DSF | naturally-ventilated BIPV-DSF |
NoVent-DSF | non-ventilated BIPV-DSF |
PMV | Predicated Mean Vote |
PV | photovoltaic |
SCoP | seasonal coefficient of performance |
STC | standard test condition |
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Design Parameter | Abbreviation | Type of Parameter |
---|---|---|
Thermal transmittance (U-value) of internal window of the BIPV-DSF | Uin | Material-based |
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of external window of the BIPV-DSF | SHGCout | Material-based |
High Humidity Summer and Warm Winter Climate (Represented by Darwin) | Warm Temperate Climate (Represented by Sydney) | Cool Temperate Climate (Represented by Canberra) | |
---|---|---|---|
Ventilation mode | Natural ventilation (whole year) | Natural ventilation (hot months) Non ventilation (cold months) | Natural ventilation (hot months) Non ventilation (cold months) |
Parameter | Unit | Original Value | Variation Range/Values |
---|---|---|---|
Uin | W/m2K | 5.68 | 5.16, 5.39, 5.53, 5.68, 5.73, 5.8, 5.87 |
SHGCout | - | 0.624 | 0.432, 0.495, 0.557, 0.624, 0.683, 0.747, 0.811 |
Operation Mode for Ventilation | Characteristics |
---|---|
NoVent-DSF |
|
NatVent-DSF |
|
Parameter | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|
Operating hours | 8 a.m.~6 p.m. | Typical setting for offices |
Heat gain from occupant (assuming there was one person in the room) | 150 W/person | Typical value for offices |
Heat gain from computer | 25 W/m2 | Typical value for offices |
Heat gain from lights | 5 W/m2 | Typical value for offices |
U-value of external wall | 0.51 W/m2K | Building Code of Australia for office buildings [48] |
U-value of roof | 0.24 W/m2K | Building Code of Australia for office buildings [48] |
Slab on ground | Adiabatic | Deemed as an adiabatic surface |
Heating (reversible heat pump system) | SCoP: 3.5 Setpoint temperature: 22 °C | Previous research [29] |
Cooling (reversible heat pump system) | SCoP: 2.5 Setpoint temperature: 26 °C | Previous research [29] |
Parameter | Values |
---|---|
Visible light transmittance | 37.5% |
Visible light reflectance (front) | 4.0% |
Visible light reflectance (back) | 4.0% |
Solar transmittance (front) | 33.2% |
Solar transmittance (back) | 33.2% |
Solar reflectance (front) | 3.5% |
Solar reflectance (back) | 3.5% |
U-value | 5.59 W/m2K |
Emissivity | 0.89 |
PV efficiency (under STC) | 6.64% |
Temperature coefficient of power | −0.3%/°C |
f1(x), Hours | min(f1), Hours | f2(x), kWh/m2 | min(f2), kWh/m2 | d(x)min | Uin, W/m2K | SHGCout | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | 360 | 350 | 100.37 | 87.9 | 15.99 | 5.16 | 0.81 |
South | 502 | 502 | 103.54 | 96.24 | 152.8 | 5.16 | 0.81 |
East | 370 | 369 | 108.31 | 90.78 | 28.58 | 5.53 | 0.81 |
West | 365 | 365 | 103.5 | 89.95 | 21.64 | 5.16 | 0.81 |
f1(x), Hours | min(f1), Hours | f2(x), kWh/m2 | min(f2), kWh/m2 | d(x)min | Uin, W/m2K | SHGCout | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | 4002 | 4002 | 46.51 | 28.92 | 3652.23 | 5.87 | 0.81 |
South | 4281 | 4281 | 51.41 | 46.78 | 3931.17 | 5.16 | 0.81 |
East | 4015 | 4015 | 47.11 | 34.72 | 3665.23 | 5.87 | 0.81 |
West | 3809 | 3809 | 49.9 | 36.41 | 3459.21 | 5.87 | 0.81 |
f1(x), Hours | min(f1), Hours | f2(x), kWh/m2 | min(f2), kWh/m2 | d(x)min | Uin, W/m2K | SHGCout | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | 5277 | 5277 | 51.71 | 38.65 | 4927.13 | 5.87 | 0.81 |
South | 5855 | 5855 | 64.47 | 62.88 | 5505.05 | 5.16 | 0.81 |
East | 5539 | 5539 | 56.59 | 47.27 | 5189.09 | 5.87 | 0.81 |
West | 5127 | 5127 | 55.04 | 46.27 | 4777.11 | 5.87 | 0.81 |
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Yang, S.; Fiorito, F.; Sproul, A.; Prasad, D. Optimising Design Parameters of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in Different Climate Zones in Australia. Buildings 2023, 13, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041096
Yang S, Fiorito F, Sproul A, Prasad D. Optimising Design Parameters of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in Different Climate Zones in Australia. Buildings. 2023; 13(4):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041096
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Siliang, Francesco Fiorito, Alistair Sproul, and Deo Prasad. 2023. "Optimising Design Parameters of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in Different Climate Zones in Australia" Buildings 13, no. 4: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041096
APA StyleYang, S., Fiorito, F., Sproul, A., & Prasad, D. (2023). Optimising Design Parameters of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in Different Climate Zones in Australia. Buildings, 13(4), 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041096