Building Interventions in Mediterranean Towns—Developing a Framework for Selecting the Optimal Spatial Organization and Construction Technology from a Sustainable Development Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spatial Characteristics of Mediterranean Areas
2.1. Characteristics of Mediterranean Areas That Differ in Spatial Planning with Respect to Northern Urban Areas of the European Union and North America
2.2. Environment Built in Mediterranean Areas
2.3. Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) and Resilience
2.4. Urban Structure in Historic Centers in Mediterranean Areas
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Sustainability Criteria
4.2. Kastav
4.3. Results of the SOnCT Model Applied to the City of Kastav
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Spatial-Technical Aspect | Characteristic | Authors |
---|---|---|
Urban form | Compact Narrow streets Galleries | [85] |
Urban structure Surrounding landscape Public open spaces | ||
Complexity due to stratification and adaptation to land Adaptation to climate Passages Lights and shadows Dilatations and contractions | [41] | |
Urban rhythms Forms of representation Stratification Movement | [40] | |
Minimum damage Spaces of transition between private and public | [43] | |
Building form | Patio Less surface Screens Vegetation Grids Small openings Evaporative cooling Water elements Light color | [85] |
Architecture | [29] | |
Visuals | [43] | |
Intangible | Economic activities Food Events Behavior | |
Informality Communities Sensuous geography | [40] |
Sphere of Sustainability | No. | Spatial-Technological Criteria | Related SDG | Function Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ecological | 1 | Technology that pollutes soil, water, and air (as gasses and articles or ionic and non-ionic radiation) | 2, 3, 6, 11, 14 | MIN |
2 | Allows for recycling and purification | 6, 11, 12 | MAX | |
3 | Organization and technology that require additional spaces in natural areas (for example outside of built areas) | 11, 12, 15 | MIN | |
4 | Use of sustainable energy | 7, 11 | MAX | |
Economic | 5 | Problems with optimization of resource use | 7, 11, 12, 14, 17 | MIN |
6 | Price/efficiency and efficacy | 8, 11, 17 | MAX | |
7 | Education during use | 1, 4, 7 | MAX | |
8 | Need for new infrastructure (such as roads and other infrastructure) | 11, 15 | MIN | |
Social | 9 | Activities and technologies that produce noise | 3, 11 | MIN |
10 | Activities and technologies that disturb social space | 3, 11 | MIN | |
11 | Activities that disturb the communication of the local community | 3, 11 | MIN | |
12 | Interruption of the continuation of everyday life and social activities | 3, 11 | MIN | |
13 | Interruption of the continuation of economic activities | 3, 8, 10, 11, 13 | MIN | |
Cultural | 14 | Activities and technologies that impact material cultural heritage | 11 | MIN |
15 | Activities and technologies that impact immaterial cultural heritage | 11 | MIN |
Mediterranean Settlement Set of Characteristics | Spatial-Technological Criteria | Related SDG |
---|---|---|
Urban structure—narrow, chaotic | Possibility of use of small irregular streets and other public spaces, especially without stopping regular physical communication | 11 |
Activities that fit the best into a local seasonal pattern | 11 | |
Activities that do not impact the height of ground floor passages or impact them minimally (with verification for safety) | 3, 11 | |
Concentrated dense structure | Traffic organization that allows covering all needs and safety | 2, 9, 11 |
Traffic organization that does not require additional areas outside built areas | 2, 9, 11 | |
Activities that do not produce further peri-urbanization and scattering of urban areas | 11, 15 | |
Activities that do not impact the existing material presence | 11 | |
Functional mix | Activities that do not disturb different functions—communication, pauses, discussion, access, and infrastructure function (water, sewage, other infrastructure), especially private | 3, 6, 11 |
Small green areas | Activities that allow the maintenance and use of existing green | 3, 11, 16 |
Relationship with sea | Activities that allow uninterrupted activities at the seaside and sea Activities without pollution | 1, 9, 11, 14 1, 9, 11, 14 |
Traditional buildings | Activities that do not produce vibrations | 11 |
Activities that do not produce noise | 11 | |
Activities that do not produce an impact on the construction of existing buildings | 11 | |
Activities that do not produce dust and pollution | 11 | |
Activities that do not impact characteristics of historic construction—small loadbearing capacity, vibration sensitivity, humidity | 9, 11 | |
Tourism | Allow for the continuation of activities | 1, 11 |
Climate | Activities and technologies that do not cause higher temperatures and glow | 11, 13 |
Activities and technologies that do not cause stronger wind or that mitigate wind | 11, 13 | |
Activities that mitigate climate, especially in traditional ways | 11, 13 |
SDG | Potential Criteria | Function Direction |
---|---|---|
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere | C1—Choice of organization and technology that guarantees access to basic services | MAX |
C2—Organization/technology oriented to diminish the risk to persons, unities, health, heritage, socioeconomic assets, and ecosystems | MAX | |
C3—Organization/technology takes measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increasing preparedness for response and recovery | MAX | |
C4—Opening of new jobs/labor intensity | MAX | |
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture | C5—Interventions/technologies that do not impact agricultural areas | MAX |
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages | C6—Technologies and organizations that do not create the risk of injury and death for persons working and/or passing nearby | MAX |
C7—Traffic organization that allows covering all needs and safety | MAX | |
C8—Technologies that do not pollute the air (as gasses and articles or ionic and non-ionic radiation), water, or soil, or that improve their quality | MAX | |
C9—Technologies that produce dust | MIN | |
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all | C10—Opportunity for education and training using contemporary equipment, as well as historic construction and environmental protection-oriented techniques | MAX |
C11—Collaboration with educational institutions and specialized institutions with the goal of learning new skills | MAX | |
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls | C12—Use of technologies that allow for equal work for everyone | MAX |
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all | C13—Technologies that purify and recycle water | MAX |
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all | C14—Use of energy-efficient technologies and organization | MAX |
C15—Technologies based on contemporary and advanced sustainable resources of energy | MAX | |
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all | C16—Innovative technologies that achieve higher productivity | MAX |
C17—Technologies that increase the quality of jobs | MAX | |
C18—Technologies that increase work safety | MAX | |
C19—Technologies that are accessible to micro, small, and medium enterprises | MAX | |
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation | C20—Technologies and materials with low CO2 emission per unit of value added | MAX |
C21—Technologies that result from domestic technology development, research, and innovation in developing countries | MAX | |
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries | ||
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable | C22—Organization and technologies that do not negatively impact transportation and accessibility (especially for vulnerable groups) | MAX |
C23—Implementation of procedures for inclusive and sustainable urbanization | MAX | |
C24—Technologies that allow sustainable waste management | MAX | |
C25—Technologies and organizations that do not negatively impact cultural and natural heritage | MAX | |
Activities and technologies without impact on material cultural heritage | C26—Possibility of use of small irregular streets and other public spaces, especially without stopping regular physical communication and use of infrastructure | MAX |
C27—Activities that allow the maintenance and use of existing green spaces | MAX | |
C28—Activities that produce vibrations | MIN | |
C29—Activities that produce noise | MIN | |
C30—Activities that produce an impact on the construction of existing buildings | MIN | |
C31—Activities that do not impact the existing material presence | MAX | |
C32—Activities that mitigate climate, especially in traditional ways | MAX | |
C33—Activities that produce further peri-urbanization and scattering of urban areas | MIN | |
Activities and technologies without an impact on immaterial cultural heritage | C34—Activities that do not disturb social space and communication for the local community, allowing for the continuation of everyday life and social activities | MAX |
C35—Activities that fit the best into a local seasonal pattern | MAX | |
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns | C36—Technologies that use resources sustainably, especially energy and materials | MAX |
C37—Technologies that produce the least waste, allow the recycling and reuse of materials or energy | MAX | |
C38—Public procurement that promotes sustainable development as a goal | MAX | |
C39—Organization and technologies that require additional areas outside built areas | ||
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts | C40—Technologies that diminish or mitigate climate change effects (temperature, glow, rain, wind, etc.) | MAX |
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development | C41—Technologies that reduce marine pollution | |
C42—Activities that allow uninterrupted activities at the seaside and at sea | MAX | |
Goal 15. Protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation, halting biodiversity loss | C43—Technologies that do not cause desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss | MAX |
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels | C44—Transparent public procurement methods in all phases—before, during, and after construction works | MAX |
C45—Opportunity for public participation in the choice of technology | MAX | |
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development | C46—Multi-stakeholder organization with knowledge and skills exchange, especially towards developing and developed countries | MAX |
C47—Price/efficiency and efficacy | MAX | |
C48—Multi-partner organization from various sectors (private enterprises, education, etc.) | MAX |
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Marović, I.; Mrak, I.; Ambruš, D.; Krstičević, J. Building Interventions in Mediterranean Towns—Developing a Framework for Selecting the Optimal Spatial Organization and Construction Technology from a Sustainable Development Perspective. Buildings 2022, 12, 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081233
Marović I, Mrak I, Ambruš D, Krstičević J. Building Interventions in Mediterranean Towns—Developing a Framework for Selecting the Optimal Spatial Organization and Construction Technology from a Sustainable Development Perspective. Buildings. 2022; 12(8):1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081233
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarović, Ivan, Iva Mrak, Denis Ambruš, and Josip Krstičević. 2022. "Building Interventions in Mediterranean Towns—Developing a Framework for Selecting the Optimal Spatial Organization and Construction Technology from a Sustainable Development Perspective" Buildings 12, no. 8: 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081233
APA StyleMarović, I., Mrak, I., Ambruš, D., & Krstičević, J. (2022). Building Interventions in Mediterranean Towns—Developing a Framework for Selecting the Optimal Spatial Organization and Construction Technology from a Sustainable Development Perspective. Buildings, 12(8), 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081233