Best Fit for Common Purpose: A Multi-Stakeholder Design Optimization Methodology for Construction Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How can early stage design optimization be implemented?
- How can we ensure that the design optimization properly reflects the real-world design and construction processes?
- How can we better involve stakeholders in the design optimization process?
- How should stakeholders’ preferences be measured and used within the optimization?
- How can optimization and stakeholder-driven design be integrated within a decision-making tool for construction management?
- Reflects the real-world project design and construction process where stakeholders play an essential role;
- Automates the decision-making process within building design and construction;
- Uses a mathematically correct way of preference modeling by utilizing the PFM theory;
- Is not computationally demanding, intuitive in use, and adaptive to changing stakeholders’ demands;
- Can be applied to the early stages of design and construction development.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Demonstrator Case
3.1. Description of the Demonstrator Case Building
- A concrete frame and brick façade with Rockwool insulation;
- A structural steel profile frame and hollow concrete slabs with a steel sandwich panel façade with polyisocyanurate insulation;
- A cross-laminated timber frame with a wooden joist floor and a timber frame façade with mineral wool insulation.
- First, for each of the models, the amount of materials per floor was calculated. As each model includes two parts—a façade and a frame—separately, in total six initial calculations were made. The materials used in Autodesk Revit models were mapped to the closest possible analogues available in the LCA software OneClick LCA [56];
- The scaling of the floor area was implemented in relation to the original total gross area:
- It was assumed that the window-to-wall ratio (WWR = 0.35) and the ratio of length to width of the building (3.49) will be preserved when the floor area changes;
- The total volume of materials used in the ceiling and vertical structural elements was assumed to change proportionally to the total floor area;
- The total volume of materials used in walls was assumed to change proportionally to the perimeter length of the building whilst taking into account the scaling of the windows’ area;
- The total volume of materials used in horizontal structural elements was assumed to be proportional to the length or the width of the building (depending on the element orientation);
- To estimate the total volume of materials used in a building, first, the volume per storey was calculated based on the floor area and then the resulting value was multiplied by the number of floors;
- The resulting total volume of materials used in a building was calculated based on the floor area and the number of floors. The foundation of all building variants was assumed to be the same (500 mm thick concrete).
3.2. Design Problem Specification
- Construction costs (EUR) (only includes the cost of materials, and all other costs (e.g., labor) were assumed to be constant);
- Embodied carbon emissions (kg CO2eq) (based on environmental product declarations (EPDs));
- Expected profit from renting the building out (EUR/month) (based on the total floor area of the building and the rental costs per m2);
- Location (km) (characterized by the distance from the nearest railway station to a planned construction site).
3.3. Optimization Problem Specification
3.4. Description of the Design Process Iterations Used in the Study
4. Results of the Demonstrator Case
5. Discussion
5.1. Limitations
5.2. Steps for Further Development
- Developing the user interface and running a series of workshops with real-world stakeholders in order to obtain feedback and refine the methodology and the tool (‘Preferendus’);
- Validation of the methodology and the developed tool in design offices on more complex cases that include more objectives from different domains (expanding it to cover energy modeling, social aspects, circularity, resilience, ecosystem services provision, and more) and more complex stakeholder structures (e.g., stakeholders with overlapping preferences);
- In addition to whole-building design, implementing the methodology for more specific cases of design decision-making and specifically the selection of building materials. The selection of building materials is a challenging topic due to the overwhelming number of existing options, each promising specific advantages (e.g., traditional mass-market materials vs. circular materials vs. low-carbon materials vs. bio-based materials), and the selection process can be streamlined and simplified by implementing an automated preference-based decision-making system. In this context, the methodology will also be applied to a case of insulation material selection within the NRG-Storage Horizon 2020 project that this work is affiliated with;
- Integration of the methodology with parametric building design software (e.g., Rhino Grasshopper). Parametric design software allows us to seamlessly connect the building design variables to multiple different objectives such as energy consumption, environmental impacts, thermal comfort, and structural strength. Building a stakeholder-oriented layer on top of the existing parametric design functionality would allow us to properly account for stakeholders’ preferences and have a fully integrated design process from preferences to the final CAD model;
- Extending the methodology to include a stalemate resolver for the automated resolution of design deadlocks where the design solution space becomes over-constrained by stakeholders and no feasible solution can be found without relaxing some of the negotiable constraints (by negotiable constraints, we mean design constraints specified by stakeholders that can, in theory, be moved and modified during the design process such as the maximum budget, etc.);
- Developing the methodology to further allow for finding a compromise design solution using a preference-based goal attainment approach;
- As the core methodology presented in this study can be applied to preference-based optimization (any optimization process that should consider stakeholders’ preferences) in any context, exploring the possibility of expanding the tool to be applicable in other fields such as supply chain management, asset management, etc.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Material Composition of Frame and Façade Options
Material | Unit | Frame | Façade | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foundation | 1—Concrete Frame | 2—Structural Steel Profile Frame and a Hollow Concrete Slabs Floor | 3—Cross-Laminated Timber Frame with a Wooden Joist Floor | 1—Brick and Rockwool Insulation | 2—Steel Sandwich Panel Façade with Polyisocyanurate Insulation | 3—Timber Frame Façade with Mineral Wool Insulation | ||
Ready-mix concrete, normal strength, generic, C 28/35 (4000/5000 PSI) with CEM I, 0% recycled binders (300 kg/m3; 18.7 lbs/ft3 total cement) | m3 | 0 | 329.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ready-mix concrete, normal-strength, generic, C 40/50 (5800/7300 PSI), 0% recycled binders in cement (400 kg/m3/24.97 lbs/ft3) | m3 | 500.0 | 14.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rock wool insulation, unfaced, L = 0.035–0.04 W/mK, 40 mm, 1.2 kg/m2, 30 kg/m3, Lambda = 0.035 W/(m.K), ProRox LF 970 (ROCKWOOL) | m3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58.2 | 0 | 0 |
Wall bricks, 575 kg/m3 (Ziegel) | m3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36.4 | 0 | 0 |
Hot-dip galvanised structural steel, 0.45–1.5 mm, 7850 kg/m3 (Ruukki) | m3 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Structural steel profiles, generic, 90% recycled content (typical), I, H, U, L, and T sections, S235, S275 and S355 | m3 | 0 | 0 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hollow core concrete slab, HDF27, C 40/50, 270 mm, 344 kg/m2, reinforcing 12.7 kg/ton (Strängbetong) | m2 | 0 | 0 | 945.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aluminium profile, 2700.0 kg/m3 | m3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
Sandwich panel with polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam and double steel siding, U = 0.21 W/(m2K), 100.9 mm (Total), 0.5 mm (Outer sheet), 0.4 mm (Liner sheet), 100 mm (Insulation), 12.11 kg/m2, 120.02 kg/m3, SAB WB 100.1000 (SAB-profile, Tata Steel Europe) | m2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 363.9 | 0 |
Aluminium profiled sheets, thickness 0.7 mm, height of profile 65 mm, 2.9 kg/m2 (European Association for Panels and Profiles) | m2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 363.9 | 0 |
Cross-laminated timber, 491.65 kg/m3, T:51–500 mm, max width: 2.95–4.80 m, max length: 16–20 m, X-Lam (Studiengemeinschaft Holzleimbau e.V.) | m3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.9 | 0 | 0 | 3.1 |
Wooden joist floor assembly, 278 mm, incl. 225 mm mineral wool insulation | m2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 688.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Timber frame external wall assembly, incl. mineral wool insulation | m2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 363.9 |
Appendix B
Appendix B.1. Equations for Calculating the Volume of Materials Used in the Model
Appendix B.2. Calculation of the Objectives
Appendix B.2.1. Embodied Carbon Emissions
Appendix B.2.2. Construction Costs
Appendix B.2.3. Profit from Rent
Appendix B.2.4. Location Objective
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Material (the Full Name as it Appears in OneClick LCA) | Unit | Embodied Carbon, kg CO2eq/Unit | Total Emissions from Transport, kg CO2eq/Unit | Price, EUR/Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ready-mix concrete, normal strength, generic, C 28/35 (4000/5000 PSI) with CEM I, 0% recycled binders (300 kg/m3; 18.7 lbs/ft3 total cement) | m3 | 292.13 | 18.72 | 344.87 |
Ready-mix concrete, normal-strength, generic, C 40/50 (5800/7300 PSI), 0% recycled binders in cement (400 kg/m3/24.97 lbs/ft3) | m3 | 386.96 | 18.72 | 348 |
Rock wool insulation, unfaced, L = 0.035–0.04 W/mK, 40 mm, 1.2 kg/m2, 30 kg/m3, Lambda = 0.035 W/(m.K), ProRox LF 970 (ROCKWOOL) | m3 | 35.25 | 0.07 | 57 |
Wall bricks, 575 kg/m3 (Ziegel) | m3 | 138.29 | 1.32 | 115 |
Hot-dip galvanised structural steel, 0.45–1.5 mm, 7850 kg/m3 (Ruukki) | m3 | 20,794.65 | 111.24 | 5976.96 |
Structural steel profiles, generic, 90% recycled content (typical), I, H, U, L, and T sections, S235, S275 and S355 | m3 | 6033.17 | 111.24 | 5976.96 |
Hollow core concrete slab, HDF27, C 40/50, 270 mm, 344 kg/m2, reinforcing 12.7 kg/ton (Strängbetong) | m2 | 46.78 | 0.79 | 60.64 |
Aluminium profile, 2700.0 kg/m3 | m3 | 29,289 | 48.60 | 8920 |
Sandwich panel with polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam and double steel siding, U = 0.21 W/(m2K), 100.9 mm (Total), 0.5 mm (Outer sheet), 0.4 mm (Liner sheet), 100 mm (Insulation), 12.11 kg/m2, 120.02 kg/m3, SAB WB 100.1000 (SAB-profile, Tata Steel Europe) | m2 | 37.2 | 0.20 | 49.92 |
Aluminium profiled sheets, thickness 0.7 mm, height of profile 65 mm, 2.9 kg/m2 (European Association for Panels and Profiles) | m2 | 27 | 0.03 | 6.24 |
Cross-laminated timber, 491.65 kg/m3, T: 51–500 mm, max width: 2.95–4.80 m, max length: 16–20 m, X-Lam (Studiengemeinschaft Holzleimbau e.V.) | m3 | 187.23 | 4.15 | 544.93 |
Wooden joist floor assembly, 278 mm, incl. 225 mm mineral wool insulation | m2 | 36 | 0.45 | 132 |
Timber frame external wall assembly, incl. mineral wool insulation | m2 | 65 | 0.73 | 110 |
Name | Bounds | Type |
---|---|---|
Floor area | 700–2500 m2 | Continuous |
Number of floors | 2–10 | Integer |
Set of the building’s facade materials | 1—Brick and Rockwool insulation 2—Steel sandwich panel façade with polyisocyanurate insulation 3—Timber frame façade with mineral wool insulation | Categorical |
Set of the building’s structural frame materials | 1—Concrete frame 2—Structural steel profile frame and a hollow concrete slabs floor 3—Cross-laminated timber frame with a wooden joist floor | Categorical |
Distance from a railway station | 0.2–15 km | Continuous |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Population size (‘PopulationSize’) | 250 |
Max. generations (‘MaxGenerations’) | 400 |
Max. stall generations (‘MaxStallGenerations’) | 20 |
Function Tolerance (‘FunctionTolerance’) | 1E-9 |
Vectorized form (‘UseVectorized’) | true |
Elite population size (‘EliteCount’) | 30 |
Crossover fraction (‘CrossoverFraction’) | 0.5 |
Name | Minimum Value Given the Design Variables’ Bounds | Maximum Value Given the Design Variables’ Bounds |
---|---|---|
Embodied carbon, kg CO2eq | 241,950 | 3,992,042 |
Construction costs, EUR | 272,675 | 5,636,095 |
Profit from rent, EUR | 288,978 | 5,162,471 |
Location, km | 0.2 | 15 |
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Zhilyaev, D.; Binnekamp, R.; Wolfert, A.M.R. Best Fit for Common Purpose: A Multi-Stakeholder Design Optimization Methodology for Construction Management. Buildings 2022, 12, 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050527
Zhilyaev D, Binnekamp R, Wolfert AMR. Best Fit for Common Purpose: A Multi-Stakeholder Design Optimization Methodology for Construction Management. Buildings. 2022; 12(5):527. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050527
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhilyaev, Dmitry, Ruud Binnekamp, and A. M. Rogier Wolfert. 2022. "Best Fit for Common Purpose: A Multi-Stakeholder Design Optimization Methodology for Construction Management" Buildings 12, no. 5: 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050527