Passengers’ Sensitivity and Adaptive Behaviors to Health Risks in the Subway Microenvironment: A Case Study in Nanjing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Impact of the Subway Environment on Its Associated Personnel
2.2. Behaviors of Subway Passengers
3. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
3.1. Theory of Risk Perception
3.2. Hypotheses
3.2.1. Sensitivity
3.2.2. Adaptability
4. Research Process
4.1. Questionnaire Design
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Descriptive Statistics
5.2. The Results of Sensitivity Levels
5.3. The Results of Adaptability Level
6. Discussion
6.1. Analysis of Sensitivity
6.1.1. Population Structure
6.1.2. Traveling Modes
6.2. Analysis of Adaptability
6.2.1. Individual Characteristics
6.2.2. Knowledge Structure
6.2.3. Information Communication
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Classification | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 162 | 46.15% |
Female | 189 | 53.85% | |
Age | ≤18 years old | 50 | 14.25% |
19–40 years old | 150 | 42.74% | |
41–65 years old | 120 | 34.19% | |
≥66 years old | 31 | 8.83% | |
Income | ≤2000 | 19 | 5.41% |
2000~4000 | 72 | 20.51% | |
4000~8000 | 133 | 37.89% | |
>8000 | 127 | 36.18% | |
Living area | Urban area | 262 | 74.64% |
Rural area | 46 | 13.11% | |
Urban–rural junction | 43 | 12.25% | |
Life attitudes | Positive | 185 | 52.71% |
Conservative | 131 | 37.32% | |
Avoidant | 35 | 9.97% | |
Illness frequency | Usually | 11 | 3.13% |
Often | 48 | 13.68% | |
Sometimes | 62 | 17.66% | |
Occasionally | 179 | 51.00% | |
Seldom | 51 | 14.53% | |
Environmental illness experience | Yes | 104 | 29.63% |
No | 247 | 70.37% |
Variable | Classification | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Education background | Junior high school and below | 20 | 5.70% |
Middle high school | 30 | 8.55% | |
Junior college | 46 | 13.11% | |
Undergraduate | 186 | 52.99% | |
Postgraduate and above | 69 | 19.66% | |
Occupation | Student | 87 | 24.79% |
Government/Public institution | 83 | 23.65% | |
Enterprise/Company | 130 | 37.04% | |
Self–employment and other | 51 | 14.53% | |
Major | Environment | 36 | 10.26% |
Medicine | 35 | 9.97% | |
Civil Engineering | 39 | 11.11% | |
Other | 241 | 68.66% | |
Environmental health awareness | Very high | 36 | 10.26% |
High | 133 | 37.88% | |
Moderate | 118 | 33.62% | |
Low | 50 | 14.25% | |
Very low | 14 | 3.99% |
Variable | Classification | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Travel purpose | Commute and business affairs | 168 | 47.86% |
Life and entertainment | 99 | 28.21% | |
Unfixed | 84 | 23.93% | |
Travel frequency (times/week) | ≤5 | 52 | 14.81% |
5–10 | 131 | 37.32% | |
10–15 | 140 | 39.89% | |
15–20 | 13 | 3.70% | |
≥20 | 15 | 4.27% | |
Travel time(minutes) | ≤10 | 34 | 9.69% |
10–20 | 103 | 29.34% | |
20–30 | 97 | 27.64% | |
≥30 | 117 | 33.33% | |
Travel duration | 6 a.m.–9 a.m./5 p.m.–8 p.m. | 103 | 29.34% |
9 a.m.–5 p.m. | 79 | 22.51% | |
After 8 p.m. | 21 | 5.98% | |
Unfixed | 148 | 42.17% |
Variable | Classification | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Preference for communication | Very high | 44 | 12.54% |
High | 105 | 29.91% | |
Moderate | 112 | 31.91% | |
Low | 56 | 15.95% | |
Very low | 34 | 9.69% | |
Knowledge of feedback channels | Very high | 25 | 7.12% |
High | 102 | 29.06% | |
Moderate | 137 | 39.03% | |
Low | 68 | 19.37% | |
Very low | 19 | 5.41% | |
Knowledge of the emergency mechanism | Very high | 25 | 7.12% |
High | 129 | 36.75% | |
Moderate | 111 | 31.62% | |
Low | 65 | 18.52% | |
Very low | 21 | 5.98% | |
Attention to relevant information | Very high | 16 | 4.56% |
High | 88 | 25.07% | |
Moderate | 134 | 38.18% | |
Low | 74 | 21.08% | |
Very low | 39 | 11.11% |
Mean ± SD | Levene’s Test (Sig) | p-Value | f-Value | t-Value | LSD Test/Dunnett’s Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population structure | Age | ≤18 | 2.16 ± 0.650 | 0.021 | <0.001 * | 6.726 | / | 4 > 1 4 > 2 4 > 3 |
19–40 | 2.26 ± 0.772 | |||||||
41–65 | 2.38 ± 0.789 | |||||||
≥66 | 2.87 ± 0.670 | |||||||
Gender | Male | 2.21 ± 0.799 | 0.907 | 0.004 * | / | −2.933 | 2 > 1 | |
Female | 2.45 ± 0.732 | |||||||
Illness frequency | Usually | 3.27 ± 0.786 | 0.220 | <0.001 * | 5.783 | / | 1 > 2 > 3 1 > 4.5 | |
Often | 2.52 ± 0.922 | |||||||
Sometimes | 2.23 ± 0.798 | |||||||
Occasionally | 2.26 ± 0.698 | |||||||
Seldom | 2.37 ± 0.692 | |||||||
Travelling mode | Traveling purpose | Business; Commuting | 2.48 ± 0.674 | 0.021 | 0.001 * | 7.407 | / | 1 > 2 |
Daily life; Entertainment | 2.11 ± 0.785 | |||||||
Unfixed | 2.32 ± 0.876 | |||||||
Traveling frequency | Less than 5times | 2.13 ± 0.687 | 0.457 | <0.001 * | 9.992 | / | 5 > 1.2.3 4 > 1.2 3 > 2.1 | |
5–10 times | 2.16 ± 0.802 | |||||||
10–15 times | 2.45 ± 0.661 | |||||||
15–20 times | 2.77 ± 0.927 | |||||||
More than 20 times | 3.20 ± 0.775 | |||||||
Traveling duration | Less than 10 min | 1.82 ± 0.673 | 0.886 | <0.001 * | 20.516 | / | 4 > 3.2.1 3 > 2.1 | |
10–20 min | 2.08 ± 0.776 | |||||||
20–30 min | 2.36 ± 0.680 | |||||||
More than 30 min | 2.70 ± 0.698 | |||||||
Traveling time | 6 a.m.–9 a.m. 5 p.m.–8 .m. | 2.51 ± 0.625 | <0.001 | 0.035 * | 2.894 | / | 1 > 2 | |
9 a.m.–5 p.m. | 2.19 ± 0.765 | |||||||
After 8 p.m. | 2.24 ± 1.221 | |||||||
Unfixed | 2.32 ± 0.774 |
Mean ± SD | Levene’s Test (Sig) | p-Value | f-Value | t-Value | LSD Test/Dunnett’s Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual characteristics | Gender | Male | 17.28 ± 4.096 | 0.240 | 0.667 | / | 0.431 | - |
Female | 17.46 ± 3.838 | |||||||
Age | ≤18 | 18.98 ± 4.138 | 0.873 | 0.004 | 4.586 | / | 1 > 2.3.4 | |
19–40 | 17.26 ± 3.808 | |||||||
41–65 | 17.26 ± 3.988 | |||||||
≥ 66 | 15.81 ± 3.516 | |||||||
Income | ≤ CNY 2000 | 18.95 ± 5.328 | 0.542 | 0.020 | 3.325 | / | 1 > 2.3 4 > 2.3 | |
CNY 2000–4000 | 16.76 ± 3.538 | |||||||
CNY 4000–8000 | 16.89 ± 4.002 | |||||||
> CNY 8000 | 17.99 ± 3.785 | |||||||
Living area | Urban area | 17.52 ± 4.053 | 0.807 | 0.527 | 0.642 | / | - | |
Rural area | 16.93 ± 3.838 | |||||||
Urban-rural junction | 17.00 ± 3.457 | |||||||
Life attitudes | Positive | 17.90 ± 4.035 | 0.638 | 0.027 | 3.655 | / | 1 > 2.3 | |
Conservative | 16.87 ± 3.659 | |||||||
Avoidant | 16.49 ± 4.280 | |||||||
Illness frequency | Usually | 20.27 ± 6.358 | 0.533 | 0.042 | 2.506 | / | 1 > 3.4.5 | |
Often | 18.08 ± 4.047 | |||||||
Sometimes | 16.65 ± 4.208 | |||||||
Occasionally | 17.35 ± 3.662 | |||||||
Seldom | 17.08 ± 3.682 | |||||||
Environmental illness experience | Yes | 18.20 ± 4.352 | 0.079 | 0.011 | / | 2.559 | 1 > 2 | |
No | 17.03 ± 3.729 | |||||||
Knowledge structure | Education background | Junior high school and below | 17.75 ± 6.758 | 0.013 | 0.526 | 0.799 | / | - |
Middle high school | 16.17 ± 3.563 | |||||||
Junior college | 17.46 ± 3.174 | |||||||
Undergraduate | 17.51 ± 3.825 | |||||||
Postgraduate and above | 17.39 ± 3.885 | |||||||
Occupation | Student | 17.78 ± 4.241 | 0.434 | 0.225 | 1.462 | / | - | |
Government/Public institution | 17.55 ± 3.842 | |||||||
Enterprise/Company | 17.38 ± 3.599 | |||||||
Self-employment and others | 16.37 ± 4.418 | |||||||
Major | Environment | 19.22 ± 5.038 | 0.287 | 0.020 | 3.316 | / | 1 > 3.4 | |
Medical science | 17.69 ± 3.504 | |||||||
Civil engineering | 17.44 ± 4.285 | |||||||
Others | 17.05 ± 3.717 | |||||||
Environmental health awareness | Very high | 20.57 ± 6.711 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 10.48 | / | 2 > 4.5 3 > 4.5 | |
High | 19.10 ± 3.677 | |||||||
Moderate | 17.92 ± 3.705 | |||||||
Low | 16.47 ± 3.263 | |||||||
Very low | 15.31 ± 4.214 | |||||||
Information communication | Preference for communication | Very high | 19.16 ± 3.362 | 0.345 | <0.001 | 23.551 | / | 1.2 > 3 > 51.2 > 3 > 4 |
High | 19.19 ± 3.790 | |||||||
Moderate | 17.13 ± 3.321 | |||||||
Low | 15.18 ± 3.664 | |||||||
Very low | 13.91 ± 3.279 | |||||||
Knowledge of feedback channels | Very high | 18.84 ± 4.346 | 0.058 | <0.001 | 6.663 | / | 1 > 4.52 > 4.52 > 3 | |
High | 18.35 ± 3.606 | |||||||
Moderate | 17.43 ± 3.541 | |||||||
Low | 15.63 ± 4.055 | |||||||
Very low | 16.05 ± 5.307 | |||||||
Knowledge of emergency mechanism | Very high | 18.48 ± 3.595 | 0.869 | 0.017 | 3.073 | / | 1 > 4.5 2 > 4.5 | |
High | 17.98 ± 4.159 | |||||||
Moderate | 17.28 ± 3.899 | |||||||
Low | 16.37 ± 3.638 | |||||||
Very low | 15.95 ± 3.471 | |||||||
Attention to relevant information | Very high | 14.56 ± 3.366 | 0.6 | 0.066 | 2.224 | / | _ | |
High | 17.64 ± 4.284 | |||||||
Moderate | 17.50 ± 3.964 | |||||||
Low | 17.53 ± 3.772 | |||||||
Very low | 17.23 ± 3.406 |
Number | Findings | Recommendations | Stakeholders |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Passengers whose travel purpose was commuting or business and those whose travel frequency was more than 20 times a week, whose travel time was more than 30 min each time, whose travel time was between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. and between 5 p.m. and 8 p.m., were groups sensitive to the influence of sub-ME. | (1) Avoid traveling in peak periods (2) Choose reasonable travel time (3) Wear masks and earplugs | Passengers |
(4) Guide passengers on self-protection through radio broadcasting | Subway company | ||
2 | Passengers with stronger environmental health awareness and related knowledge pay more attention to micro-environmental health when taking the subway, and their adaptive behaviors are relatively more effective. | (1) Educate passengers to strengthen environmental health awareness | Government |
(2) Distribute leaflets on environmental information | Subway company | ||
3 | Passengers with a higher degree of understanding of the emergency mechanism and information communication channels have more adaptive behaviors. | (1) Establish sub-ME health management institutions | Government |
(2) Broaden information communication channels and provide multiple platforms | Subway company | ||
(3) Give subway ride feedback and advice | Passengers |
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Mao, P.; Wang, X.; Wang, R.; Wang, E.; Li, H. Passengers’ Sensitivity and Adaptive Behaviors to Health Risks in the Subway Microenvironment: A Case Study in Nanjing, China. Buildings 2022, 12, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030386
Mao P, Wang X, Wang R, Wang E, Li H. Passengers’ Sensitivity and Adaptive Behaviors to Health Risks in the Subway Microenvironment: A Case Study in Nanjing, China. Buildings. 2022; 12(3):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030386
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Peng, Xiang Wang, Rubing Wang, Endong Wang, and Hongyang Li. 2022. "Passengers’ Sensitivity and Adaptive Behaviors to Health Risks in the Subway Microenvironment: A Case Study in Nanjing, China" Buildings 12, no. 3: 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030386