Mechanical Performances and Frost Resistance of Alkali-Activated Coal Gangue Cementitious Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Design
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Strength Tests
2.3.2. Freeze–Thaw Cycles Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Performances
3.1.1. Flexural Strength
3.1.2. Compressive Strength
3.2. Mechanical Properties after Freeze–Thaw Cycles
3.2.1. Mass-Loss Rate
3.2.2. Flexural Strength after Freeze–Thaw Cycles
3.2.3. Compressive Strength after Freeze–Thaw Cycles
3.3. Microstructure Analysis
3.4. Freeze–Thaw Damage Mechanisms
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Compared with ordinary Portland cement mortars, the AACGM has higher mechanical strength. Compared with the OPC group, the compressive and flexural strength of the W/B0.50 group were improved by 14.19% and 16.01%. In addition, the strength of the AACGM rose quickly in the front seven days and grew slightly beyond seven days.
- (2)
- The frost resistance of the AACGM was superior to that of the OPCM. After one hundred freezing and thawing cycles, the loss rates of mass, flexural strength, and compressive strength of the OPC group were 1.84 times, 5.43 times, and 5.54 times those of the W0.50 group, respectively.
- (3)
- As the number of freezing and thawing cycles increased, the cracks and pores of specimens increased. When the number of freezing and thawing cycles increased from 25 to 100, the maximum crack width increased from 1.98 to 7.48 μm, an increase of 277.78%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Na2O | Fe2O3 | CaO | K2O | SO3 | Others | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal gangue | 55.14 | 40.96 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 1.23 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 1.24 | 15.33 |
Slag | 36.10 | 16.32 | 11.32 | - | - | 35.58 | - | - | 0.68 | 2.30 |
OPC | 21.08 | 7.10 | 2.11 | 0.214 | 60.20 | 60.20 | 1.16 | 3.85 | 0.84 | 2.1% |
NO. | Alkali Content/% | Slag Content/g | CACG/g | Cement/g | Sand/g | Water/Binder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A11 | 11 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
A12 | 12 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
A13 | 13 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
A14 | 14 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
S25 | 12 | 250 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
S35 | 12 | 350 | 650 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
S40 | 12 | 400 | 600 | - | 3000 | 0.55 |
W/B0.45 | 12 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.45 |
W/B0.50 | 12 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.50 |
W/B0.60 | 12 | 300 | 700 | - | 3000 | 0.60 |
OPC | - | - | - | 1000 | 3000 | 0.50 |
Specimens Number | fc (MPa) | ft (MPa) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Days | 7 Days | 28 Days | 3 Days | 7 Days | 28 Days | |
OPC | 20.94 ± 0.86 | 25.01 ± 0.80 | 37.08 ± 0.85 | 5.37 ± 0.25 | 5.96 ± 0.17 | 7.12 ± 0.15 |
A11 | 27.11 ± 0.89 | 32.10 ± 0.71 | 34.50 ± 0.66 | 6.64 ± 0.22 | 7.64 ± 0.17 | 8.02 ± 0.15 |
A12 | 31.62 ± 1.36 | 38.83 ± 1.09 | 42.34 ± 1.40 | 7.03 ± 0.30 | 7.97 ± 0.23 | 8.56 ± 0.32 |
A13 | 26.83 ± 0.64 | 33.47 ± 0.60 | 36.87 ± 0.96 | 6.33 ± 0.18 | 7.20 ± 0.17 | 7.78 ± 0.16 |
A14 | 25.55 ± 1.10 | 31.92 ± 0.99 | 36.00 ± 1.01 | 5.95 ± 0.27 | 6.96 ± 0.25 | 7.71 ± 0.16 |
S25 | 29.20 ± 1.05 | 35.16 ± 0.91 | 37.08 ± 1.11 | 6.34 ± 0.23 | 7.12 ± 0.15 | 8.26 ± 0.18 |
S35 | 33.34 ± 0.97 | 40.91 ± 1.72 | 44.33 ± 1.02 | 7.20 ± 0.17 | 8.20 ± 0.33 | 8.64 ± 0.20 |
S40 | 36.48 ± 1.31 | 43.00 ± 1.12 | 46.20 ± 0.79 | 7.28 ± 0.24 | 8.32 ± 0.23 | 8.70 ± 0.17 |
W/B0.45 | 42.31 ± 1.48 | 51.78 ± 1.19 | 54.70 ± 0.98 | 8.77 ± 0.34 | 9.93 ± 0.22 | 10.53 ± 0.18 |
W/B0.50 | 34.74 ± 1.29 | 42.32 ± 1.18 | 45.46 ± 0.86 | 8.38 ± 0.27 | 9.53 ± 0.28 | 10.12 ± 0.20 |
W/B0.60 | 26.75 ± 0.94 | 33.78 ± 0.98 | 37.48 ± 0.82 | 5.75 ± 0.21 | 6.53 ± 0.19 | 7.12 ± 0.15 |
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Zhao, Y.; Yang, C.; Li, K.; Yang, J.; Wu, Z.; Yan, C. Mechanical Performances and Frost Resistance of Alkali-Activated Coal Gangue Cementitious Materials. Buildings 2022, 12, 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122243
Zhao Y, Yang C, Li K, Yang J, Wu Z, Yan C. Mechanical Performances and Frost Resistance of Alkali-Activated Coal Gangue Cementitious Materials. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122243
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yanbing, Caiqian Yang, Kefeng Li, Jing Yang, Zhiren Wu, and Chengyu Yan. 2022. "Mechanical Performances and Frost Resistance of Alkali-Activated Coal Gangue Cementitious Materials" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122243