Incremental Digital Twin Conceptualisations Targeting Data-Driven Circular Construction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
- Digital twins in the construction industry (sensored sites or buildings and bi-directional data interaction).
- Digital building logbooks enabling digital twin construction.
- Digital data templates enabling digital twin construction.
- Circular construction powered by digital twin construction.
- Sustainability of building environments powered by digital twin construction.
3. Analysis and Results
3.1. Literature Review
3.2. Digital Data Templates
3.3. Digital Building Logbooks
3.4. Digital Twins in the Construction Industry
3.4.1. Concepts, Uni/Bi-Directional Data Interaction, and Incremental Implementation Phases
- Digital model (manual data flow between physical and virtual objects) [9]. As an example, there is a designed 3D model of a building that corresponds to the physical element, and when some change is made on the physical building, it is updated in the digital environment.
- Digital shadow (with an automatic data flow from physical to virtual and manual data flow from digital to physical objects) [9]. As an example, a sensored site or building where the data is collected but the system is not able to interact and take action into the physical space.
- Digital twin (with bi-directional data flowing between physical and virtual objects) [9]. For example, a smart building with IoT collecting data from the built environment (e.g., temperature and amount of people in each room) and adjusting the HVAC systems.
- Input—(a) manual, (b) semi-automated, and (c) automatic [10].
- Output—(a) manual, fully customised, (b) semi-automated, mixed, and (c) automatic, fully predefined [10].
- Sub-programs and rules of actuation—(a) manual, fully customised, (b) semi-automated, mixed, and (c) automatic, fully predefined [10].
- Access and security—(a) full access and (b) limited [10].
- Fjeld (2020) proposed an accumulative and progressive six-level “Digital Twin Maturity Index (DTMI)” [10]:
- Level 100—static twin (no integration from the physical to the virtual environment) [10].
- Level 200—detailed twin (semi unidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment) [10].
- Level 300—as-built twin (unidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment) [10].
- Level 350—responsive twin (limited bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment) [10].
- Level 400—adaptive twin (semi bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment) [10].
- Level 500—intelligent twin (fully bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment) [10].
3.4.2. Sensored Construction Sites
3.4.3. Smart Buildings
- User experience [28].
4. Discussion and Concepts
4.1. DDT, DBL and DTC Overlap—Data-Centric Construction
4.2. Incremental DTC Conceptualisation with DDT and DBL
- Static twin (Level 100) [10]: the first approach from most of the CI stakeholders to digitalisation is through BIM, mainly focusing on 3D modelling. As stated before, at this level, there is no integration from the physical to the virtual environment [10]. This static twin is a graphical representation from the physical to the virtual—a starting point into a DTC. At this stage, it is essential to increase the focus on the information, seeking machine-readable data to achieve interoperability, enriching information details to move to the next level. The expected outcomes are 3D representations of the physical assets, where the software used to perform the model can provide IFC formats to be used by other type of software. For example, a company has a 3D model of a single house in Autodesk Revit and is able to export it in an IFC format. Yet, the model will have geometrical information of a wall, but does not have alphanumerical information about the type of wall, e.g., masonry, concrete, or drywall. At this level the data is only related to the building design.
- Detailed twin (Level 200) [10]: the company’s philosophy on BIM is enriched at this level, targeting a more detailed information management approach. Products’ specification data should be electronically available. A partly unidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment is based on data input from the project’s products specifications. However, DDT are crucial to assure data traceability and to obtain digital data to move to the next level. More outcomes are possible. For example, a full or partial bill of quantities (BoQ) for some products can be extracted based on assets’ detailed information. In addition, building sustainability assessment methods can be performed (e.g., LEED, DGNB, or BREEAM). Following the last example, a single house 3D model has assets detailed information (possibly powered by DDT), and the company is able to realise the products amounts needed to build it. In addition, with this detailed data, it is possible to estimate the emissions of the project for its whole life cycle. Data now is related to the products that will “form” the built object.
- As-built twin [10] (Level 250): at this level, there is still a unidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment [10]. Where the as-built information based on the construction phase is retrofitted to the models. Conventionally, such information is manually ratified or rectified in the models. All information regarding the products and processes of the construction phase must be catalogued. In most cases, this information is partially archived in physical format (paper) and digitised (files containing, for example, pdf files). Again, using digital data, it will be possible to review the DDT and establish a digital building logbook (DBL). The primary outcome at this level is an updated information database concerning the project. Nowadays, an “as-built” process is a regular activity that must be performed. In the future, it will be easier to accomplish it using digital data and through sensored construction sites. For example, at this level, the cradle to handover emissions can be measured, and the expected emissions for the following phases, as use and end of life can be reviewed. Data is concerning the “as-built” building and, also, can be related to the project performance.
- Sensored twin (Level 300): keeping in mind that it is an incremental model, after having a virtual twin populated with digital data concerning buildings products (specifications and “as-built”), it becomes possible to start taking advantage of IoT systems to have sensored sites and a future smart building. At the three first levels, data processing may depend on people to operate systems and provide information. By establishing the sensing of sites, processes previously carried out by people, such as creating the “as-built”, can be carried out more autonomously. Based on IoT sensors and systems, a more autonomous bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment becomes possible. A vast number of outcomes can be achieved due to the implementation of IoT. The greater the number of elements sensed (e.g., workers, users, products, equipment, and environmental conditions), the greater is the amount of information and the possibilities for analysis. Sensoring increases the amount of data collected. In this level, the data is related to the building (assets), people, project performance, and environment conditions. For the following levels, the data collected is still at the same dimension. However, in each level, the processing and the autonomy of the twin is increased.
- Responsive twin (Level 350) [10]: IoT devices collecting data from the physical environment in an autonomous way, will provide a significant amount of data in near real-time. In the virtual space, through systems, it becomes possible to operate actions on the physical twin based on pre-established rules or by the initiative of an operator. A limited bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment is possible [10]. After taking control of the physical twin, it will allow actions, such as assessing temperature, electricity consumption, opening and closing doors and windows, and turning on or off equipment and systems. This stage is the starting point for the development of the rules and algorithms for a more advanced and smarter twin.
- Adaptive twin (Level 400) [10]: with a more significant amount of data and the analysis or learning of the actions and operations carried out in a more responsive first phase, it is possible to develop more confident and precise algorithms, as well as rules for autonomy. In this context, the development of a system capable of simulating scenarios and a high capacity for process automation is possible. However, human evaluation is still needed to verify machine decision-making, mainly to calibrate the system. So, it is possible a semi-bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment [10].
- Intelligent twin (Level 500) [10]: finally, the incremental learning will make possible the development of a twin fully autonomous platform. Where is played a fully bidirectional integration from the physical to the virtual environment [10]. That evolutive development will allow solid and tested algorithms to avoid bias and errors and increasing safety and accuracy. A self-learning and self-regulating twin system will play corrective and preventive actions to increase buildings performance [10]. Human interaction is not requested [10], although some compliance assurance should be performed time to time to verify the DTC systems performance.
4.3. Incremental DTC Framework
5. Conclusions
- The focus on the detailed identification of the data overlaps between the different concepts using case studies. Their aim is to validate and evolve on the DDT, DBL, and DTC enabling the digital data-driven concept (D3c), as presented in Figure 4.
- At DBL level, research on the data to collect and on the framework to structure, support, manage, capture, and exchange data following this vision will constitute also a field of action.
- The digital twin construction incremental maturity levels, presented in Figure 5, will be further explored and validated following multiple directions. One aims to validate the incremental DTC framework by developing focus group and survey, using the assumptions presented in the DTC incremental maturity levels diagnosis framework (Figure 6). The second aims to explore further the different environmental characteristics of the incremental DTC maturity levels presented. This will be accomplished by an already ongoing literature study following the work from Fjeld and Hjelseth [10] to better evaluate the levels referred to in different studies and in which degree there are examples of ideas, possible uses, or real cases. In addition, by working the data environments within a human-centric approach and the IoT, exploring for both the main barriers and challenges.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
AECOO | Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Owner Operator |
BIM | Building Information Modelling |
BRP | Building Renovation Passport |
bsDD | buildingSMART Data Dictionary |
COBie | Construction Operations Building Information Exchange |
D3c | Digital data-driven Construction |
DBL | Digital Building Logbook |
DDT | Digital Data Template |
DTC | Digital Twin Construction |
IFC | Industry Foundation Classes |
IoT | Internet of Things |
LCA | Life Cycle Assessment |
SoS | System of Systems |
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Keywords | Scopus | WOS | Observation |
---|---|---|---|
“digital twin” and “building logbook” and “data template” | 0 | 0 | No results |
“digital twin” | 3778 | 1705 | Broad search, mostly content out of context |
“digital twin construction” | 7 | 3 | Validated result |
“building logbook” | 3 | 2 | Validated result |
“buildings passport” | 5 | 0 | Validated result |
“data template” | 146 | 69 | Broad search, mostly content out of context |
“product data template” | 6 | 1 | Validated result |
“sensored construction sites” | 1 | 1 | Validated result |
“smart buildings” | 3875 | 1765 | Broad search, mostly content out of context |
“smart buildings” and “digital twin” | 23 | 4 | Validated result |
“circular construction” | 65 | 38 | Broad search, mostly content out of context |
“circular construction” and “digital twin” | 0 | 0 | No results |
“sustainability” | 253,824 | 182,963 | Broad search, mostly content out of context |
“sustainability” and “digital twin construction” | 0 | 0 | No results |
Reference | DDT 1 | DBL 2 | DTC 3 | Country | Main Aim Identified |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[16] | 2 | Italy | To prove the effectiveness of a methodology to compute a degradation index in an existing building. It is supposed to use data and integrate this information from or into the building logbook (nowadays, DBL). | ||
[17] | 1 | UK | Orientation for a “level of development” (LOD) that manufacturers should use to create their model element product data, based on PDTs. | ||
[18] | 2 | Norway UK Australia | To test a “mixed methods approach centred on a case study building in reviewing energy-performance attributes of BREEAM, the Cambridge Work Plan and BRUKL”. Findings indicate, “The building’s core functions were revealed to consume 140% more energy than the building logbook estimate for the same needs.” | ||
[19] | 1 | Portugal | A case study evaluated that, from available information from 3 different manufacturers, findings indicate that 41–66–67% of information is missing to fulfil all product specifications. In addition, there were few environmental parameters: 5 out of 29 were not provided by the environmental product declarations (EPD). | ||
[20] | 3 | Korea | A conceptualisation of an augmented reality (AR)-based smart building and town disaster management system to acquire visibility and to rescue occupants in cases of fire disasters in buildings. | ||
[21] | 2 | Italy | “The aim of the paper is firstly to set a Building Renovation Passport (BRP) definition, to explore the potential role of a voluntary scheme across EU as a key tool to help overcome this information imbalance by providing all market stakeholders”. | ||
[22] | 3 | The Netherlands Norway | The main aim is to list and discuss “special challenges for building digital twins for cyber-physical systems of systems and IoT installations.” | ||
[23] | 2 | Germany | The authors stated that “in most cases data transactions (to buyers, tenants, consultants or other actors) cause significant loss of information while the issues associated with the ‘building passport’ approach remains unsolved to date”. Based on that: “Information needs of actors along the life cycle are analysed, and new information technologies (e.g., blockchain) are discussed.” | ||
[24] | 1 | Italy | The proposition of a conceptual model for providing such structure for product data to facilitate product data management (PDM). | ||
[25] | 2 | France Spain | The authors present the ALDREN project (ALliance for Deep RENovation in Buildings): “ALDREN is a strategy to mobilise the construction industry by evaluating the financing viability and by highlighting collateral benefits to energy building renovation, as improving health and wellbeing.” This is connected to the building renovation passport (BRP). | ||
[26] | 1 | Italy | Development of a minimum environmental criteria for EPD (environmental product declaration) based on EN 15804 and ISO 21930. This can lead to environmental data specification on DDT. | ||
[27] | 3 | France | The authors “propose a software architecture for creating and managing unambiguous descriptions of a Smart Building, allowing its Digital Twin to be deployed.” | ||
[28] | 3 | Germany | Test an APP to collect commercial buildings users’ feedback to contextualise awareness to improve users’ comfort and to reduce complaints. | ||
[29] | 1 | Italy | Development of a BIM library for products data sharing, based on UNI/TS 11337-3:2015. | ||
[30] | 3 | Germany | Demonstration of a prototype of a “Digital Twin for Smart Buildings in the context of suitable distributed system architectures”, developed under the project SENSE. | ||
[31] | 3 | Australia | The author argues that “the creation of the Digital Twins at the scale of Smart Precincts and Smart Cities requires the development and implementation of standards” and indicates that Uniclass 2015 is a potential standard to be applied. | ||
[32] | 3 | UAE USA | The authors “propose an end-to-end digital twin conceptual model that represents its complementary physical object from the ground to the cloud. The paper presents the proposed digital twin model’s multi-layers, namely, physical, communication, virtual space, data analytic and visualisation, and application as well as the overlapping security layer.” | ||
[11] | 3 | Portugal | The conceptualisation of sensored construction sites focusing the craft workforce performance monitoring. | ||
[33] | 3 | China | The authors introduce and test a framework for an indoor safety management system based on digital twins, integrating building operating data and 3D indoor scenes. They also tested the feasibility of using artificial intelligence and IoT to define the types and levels of indoor danger. | ||
[34] | 3 | China | The conceptualisation of digital twins for electric power plants design and construction “taking BIM model as the carrier and taking the data as the core”. | ||
[35] | 3 | USA | The authors realised a systemic review “to identify the development of the emerging technologies facilitating the evolution of BIM to Digital Twins in built environment applications”, finally proposing a framework for building management based on digital twins. | ||
[36] | 1 | Portugal Italy | “Aiming at a standardisation of the heritage information content, developed a template for the different classes of damage inspired by the concept of Product Data Templates for new manufacturer’s products.” | ||
[37] | 2 | Italy France | “The paper presents the ALDREN overall procedure with a focus on the development of the Building Renovation Passport and its application to an Italian office building”. |
Reference | DDT 1 | DBL 2 | DTC 3 | Country | Main Aim Identified |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[38] | 3 | Australia | Based on identified gaps in the literature, the authors highlighted the challenges for research to implement sensored construction sites. | ||
[39] | 2 | UK | The conceptualisation of a framework for a digital record of built assets (new and existing buildings) assuring data traceability. | ||
[9] | 3 | France | The main aim is to bring awareness about the necessity of a unique and continuous digital twin model over different phases (design, construction, and as-built) | ||
[12] | 3 | USA | After review, enabling technologies and systems for smart building, the author “argues that a mature adoption of IoT technologies in the building industry is not yet realised and, therefore, calls for more attention from researchers in the relevant fields from the application perspective.” | ||
[40] | 1 | Australia Canada | The conceptualisation of a framework for information flows across an asset’s life cycle. | ||
[10] | 3 | Norway | The author conceptualised and surveyed a digital twin maturity index to categorise different levels of digital twin maturity. | ||
[8] | 3 | Israel, UK, Finland, USA | The authors established the concept of a digital twin construction, focusing on a sensored construction site and the control of site activities based on planned schedules. | ||
[7] | 3 | Luxembourg UK | “The paper reviews the multi-faceted applications of BIM during the construction stage and highlights limits and requirements, paving the way to the concept of a Construction Digital Twin. A definition of such a concept is then given, described in terms of underpinning research themes, while elaborating on areas for future research.” | ||
[41] | 1 | Portugal Norway | “The paper updates and expands research on product information management. Highlights how data is managed by different stakeholders and the role of Data Templates as a game-changer. These are found to be the standard structures to enable and foster the lifecycle digital supply chain at built environment level”. | ||
[42] | 3 | Italy Switzerland | The authors conceptualise a framework “exploiting the digital twin approach to support the decision processes related to sustainability through the whole building’s life cycle”. | ||
[43] | 3 | Sweden USA Turkey | Surveyed construction industry experts to investigate cognitive digital twins (CDT) integration on life cycle-centric applicability and interoperability, to provide decision support. |
Reference | DDT 1 | DBL 2 | DTC 3 | Spectrum | Strength | Main Aim Identified |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[44] | 3 | Country [UK] | Strategic Plan | Definition of strategic headings at country level for the development of a more digital sector. | ||
[45] | 2 | EU | Guideline | Overview of existing initiatives, contextualisation, and conclusions or recommendations for future developments. Building renovation passports can be framed as the infancy of DBL. | ||
[46] | 1 | Country [UK] | Guideline | Support DDT awareness and contextualisation with BIM standards. | ||
[47] | 1 | Country [UK] | Guide/Strategy | The realisation of the role of data in the construction process and guidance towards structuring data. | ||
[2] | 1 | 2 | EU | Strategy | When addressing resources, efficiency data structures and traceability is present, meaning that DDT and DBL are implicit in the document. | |
[4] | 1 | 2 | EU | Guideline | The document presents and defines the processes that need to take place prior to refurbishment actions: the waste audits. This relies on data stored and identified, leading to material inventories. From an indirect viewpoint, DDT and DBL are related to this topic. | |
[48] | 1 | 2 | 3 | World | Standard | Regulation of processes/promotion of common understandings. The focus of the standard is BIM methodology. DDT are BIM enablers, and DBL and DTC benefit from BIM. The concepts are explored from an indirect point of view by the document. |
[49] | 1 | 2 | 3 | World | Standard | Regulation of processes and promotion of common understandings. The focus of the standard is BIM methodology. DDT are BIM enablers, and DBL and DTC benefit from BIM. The concepts are explored from an indirect point of view by the document. |
[50] | 3 | Country [Germany] | Guide/Strategy | Industry awareness and disclosure of company level visions (Siemens). | ||
[51] | 3 | Country [UK] | Guide/Strategy | Capabilities awareness and strategic roadmap. Centres on DTC but DDT and DBL are part of it. | ||
[52] | 1 | World | Guide/Strategy | The realisation of the role of data in the construction process and how collaboration plays an essential role in the improvement. | ||
[53] | 1 | 3 | Country [Lux] | Strategic Plan | Broad strategic document ranging from several areas. From an indirect point of view, it approaches DTC and DDT. | |
[1] | 1 | 2 | 3 | EU | Strategy | Actions at EU level to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Among these actions, DDT, DBL, and DTC are broadly mentioned. However, this document frames all the others from the European Commission that are mentioned here. |
[3] | 1 | 2 | EU | Strategy | Among the actions for the Renovation Wave are the DBL and the ability to have more data related to construction products, i.e., DDT. | |
[54] | 1 | EU | Standard | A BIM-related standard that details processes from ISO 19650 and focuses on data for purposes: level of information need. | ||
[13] | 1 | World | Standard | Concepts and principles awareness and developments towards a joint understanding of the topic. | ||
[55] | 1 | 3 | Country [UK] | Standard | Standard document to foster interoperability requirements. Touches from the indirect point of view in DDT and DTC. | |
[56] | 1 | 2 | 3 | World | Guideline | This awareness document explores interoperability issues and, from an indirect point of view, deals with the three topics of research. |
[57] | 1 | 3 | Country [NZ] | Overview/Strategy | Overview of existing initiatives, contextualisation, and conclusions or roadmap | |
[5] | 3 | World | Guide/Strategy | Industry awareness and disclosure of entity vision on digital twins. | ||
[14] | 2 | EU | Overview/Strategy | Overview of existing initiatives, contextualisation, and conclusions or recommendations for future developments on harmonised DBLs. | ||
[58] | 1 | 2 | USA | Guide/Strategy | COBie is a way to transfer BIM data into FM systems. This relates with the three topics as DDT enables a streamlined COBie and this can provide structured data to DBL, therefore supporting DTC. | |
[59] | 3 | EU | Overview/Strategy | Roadmap to implement a smart readiness indicator for building. This topic is related to DTC ecosystems and namely in buildings. | ||
[6] | 3 | EU | Overview/Strategy | Overview of existing initiatives, contextualisation, and potential future headings. |
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Mêda, P.; Calvetti, D.; Hjelseth, E.; Sousa, H. Incremental Digital Twin Conceptualisations Targeting Data-Driven Circular Construction. Buildings 2021, 11, 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110554
Mêda P, Calvetti D, Hjelseth E, Sousa H. Incremental Digital Twin Conceptualisations Targeting Data-Driven Circular Construction. Buildings. 2021; 11(11):554. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110554
Chicago/Turabian StyleMêda, Pedro, Diego Calvetti, Eilif Hjelseth, and Hipólito Sousa. 2021. "Incremental Digital Twin Conceptualisations Targeting Data-Driven Circular Construction" Buildings 11, no. 11: 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110554