Generation Mechanism of MgO and Al2O3 Inclusions in 51CrV4 Spring Steel Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental and Methods
2.1. Nozzle Clogging
2.2. Types of MgO·Al2O3 Spinel Inclusions in 51CrV4 Spring Steel
2.3. Generation Mechanism of MgO·Al2O3 Inclusions
2.4. MAC Model of the Constitutional Units in Slag Systems
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Effect of Slag Composition on Mg Content in Liquid Steel
3.2. Effect of Lining on the Mg Content in Liquid Steel
3.3. Effect of C on the Mg Content Under RH Conditions
4. Conclusions
- The XRD and SEM/EDS analyses indicated that the nozzle clogging for 51CrV4 spring steel production was primarily due to the presence of MgAl2O4 spinel inclusions;
- Three types of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions were observed in steel billets by non-aqueous electrolysis: Pure MgO·Al2O3 inclusions; modified MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions containing Mg, Al, Ca, and O, which was the dominant inclusion type; and modified spinel inclusions primarily containing Al, Ca, and O. The assessment of the inclusions in the specimens before and after LF and RH indicated that the inclusions transformed through Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→MgO–Al2O3–CaO during the refining process;
- The generation mechanism of MgO·Al2O3 inclusions in 51CrV4 spring steel refined by CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO–MnO slag was evaluated based on the IMCT combined with industrial results. The effects of slag composition, refractory, and RH conditions on the content of Mg in liquid steel were determined. Model calculation results indicated that the Mg content increased with an increasing basicity, CaO/Al2O3 ratio, and Al content during LF, with the CaO/Al2O3 ratio being the most critical factor. In contrast, under RH conditions, the effects of basicity and the CaO/Al2O3 ratio were insignificant, and the partial pressure of CO was the dominant factor.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steels | Slag/Refractory | Inclusions | Main Finding | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
High strength alloyed structural steel | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO | MgO·Al2O3 | log(XMgO/XAl2O3) of inclusions and log(aMgO/aAl2O3) in slag exhibiting a good linear relation. | [16] |
High strength alloying steel | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 | MgO·Al2O3– CaO | MgO·Al2O3 inclusions can be modified to liquid ones by high-basicity slag. | [17] |
Ferritic stainless steel | CaO–Al2O3–MgO | MgO·Al2O3 | log(XMgO/XAl2O3) of inclusions and log(aMgO/aAl2O3) in slag showing a good linear relation. | [21] |
Al-killed ferritic stainless steel | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO | MgO·Al2O3 | MgO contents in inclusions decreased with the declining of CaO/SiO2 and CaO/Al2O3 ratio. | [26] |
Mn and V alloyed steel | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO– CaF2 | Spinel | The generation behavior of inclusion was influenced by aMgO in the initial slag. | [27] |
Al-killed steel | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO– FeO | MgO·Al2O3 | The content of FeO in slag plays an important role in the formation of MgO·Al2O3 inclusions. | [28] |
Bearing steel | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO | CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO | Thermodynamic for the formation of spinel inclusions was made. | [29] |
Fe–Mn–S–C–Al steel | CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–CaF2– MgO/MgO–C refractory | MgAl2O4 | The calculated results at different composition of slag and steel were in good agreement with the experimental results. | [30] |
Extra-low- oxygen steel | MgO-based refractory and MgO bearing slag | MgO·Al2O3 spinel | MgO-based refractory supplied more Mg into liquid steel than refining slag. | [31] |
Al deoxidized molten steel | MgO–C refractory | MgO·Al2O3 | An internal oxidation-reduction occurs in the MgO–C refractory at elevated temperature. | [32] |
Al-killed molten steel | Mg–Cr refractory | MgO·Al2O3 spinel | Mg and Cr dissolved from the refractory, and lead to the increasing contents of Mg and Cr in the liquid steel. | [33] |
Fe–Al alloy | MgO-based refractory | MgO·Al2O3 spinel | The generation of a spinel layer at the interface was attributing to oxidation–reduction reactions and phase transformation. | [34] |
Steels | MgO-based refractory | Spinel | Improving the resistance of MgO-based refractory to slag penetration is good to improve steel cleanness. | [35] |
Al-killed steel | MgO refractory | Spinel | The decomposing of MgO refractory plays a key role in the dissolution of MgO refractory in Al-killed steels. | [36] |
304 stainless steel | CaO–Al2O3-based slag | Spinel | A thermodynamic model was developed to predict slag–steel–inclusion reactions. | [37] |
C | Si | Mn | P | S | Al | Cr | V | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.51 | 0.23 | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.024 | 1.02 | 0.16 | balance |
CaO | SiO2 | MgO | FeO | MnO | Al2O3 | CaO/Al2O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50.19 | 8.2 | 7.49 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 33.59 | 1.49 |
Items | Constitutional Units | Balanced Mole Number | Mass Action–Concentrations (MACs) |
---|---|---|---|
Simple cations and anions | |||
Simple molecules | |||
Complex molecules | |||
Reaction Formulas | MACs | |
---|---|---|
2 | ||
C | Si | Mn | P | S | Al | Cr | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | 0.14 | 0.08 | −0.012 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.043 | −0.024 | −0.077 |
Mg | −0.24 | −0.09 | -- | -- | −1.38 | −0.12 | 0.05 | -- |
Al | 0.091 | 0.0056 | 0.0065 | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.045 | 0.012 | 0.06 |
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Lei, J.; Zhu, H.; Zhao, D.; Xue, Z. Generation Mechanism of MgO and Al2O3 Inclusions in 51CrV4 Spring Steel Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory. Metals 2019, 9, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080830
Lei J, Zhu H, Zhao D, Xue Z. Generation Mechanism of MgO and Al2O3 Inclusions in 51CrV4 Spring Steel Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory. Metals. 2019; 9(8):830. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080830
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Jialiu, Hangyu Zhu, Dongnan Zhao, and Zhengliang Xue. 2019. "Generation Mechanism of MgO and Al2O3 Inclusions in 51CrV4 Spring Steel Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory" Metals 9, no. 8: 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080830