ODS EUROFER Steel Strengthened by Y-(Ce, Hf, La, Sc, and Zr) Complex Oxides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
3. Results
3.1. Microstructural Observations
3.2. Mechanical Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Microstructure
4.2. Mechanical Properties
5. Conclusions
- Depending on the dispersoid size and the amount of dispersoids in the microstructure, the average grain size of ODS steel was altered in the range 0.6–1.7 µm. The grain size was controlled by Zener pinning of grain boundaries during the preparation process;
- The dispersoid interparticle spacing appeared to be the decisive factor controlling the dispersion-strengthening contribution to the yield strength of ODS steel;
- The resulting yield strength of ODS steel varied between 550 MPa and 950 MPa at room temperature, maintaining a reasonable fracture strain of approximately 10%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Powder (Producer) | Purity (%) | Particle Size (µm) | Quantity of Powder in Batch (wt. %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9-Ce | 9-Hf | 9-La | 9-Sc | 9-Zr | |||
Fe (H.) | 99.8 | <200 | bal. | bal. | bal. | bal. | bal. |
Cr (S.A.) | 99.8 | 45 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
W (S.A.) | 99.9 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mn (S.A.) | >99 | 45 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
V (S.A.) | 99.5 | 45 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Ta (S.A.) | 99.9 | 45 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Y2O3 (S.A.) | 99.99 | <10 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Ce (S.A.) | 99.5 | <389 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - |
Hf (S.A.) | 99.5 | 45 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - |
La (S.A.) | 99.9 | <389 | - | - | 0.3 | - | - |
Sc (S.A.) | 99.9 | n.a. | - | - | - | 0.3 | - |
Zr (S.A.) | n.a. | 150 | - | - | - | - | 0.3 |
Theoretical density | (g.cm−3) | - | 7.84 | 7.85 | 7.84 | 7.81 | 7.84 |
Steel | Content of Element in Steel (wt. %) * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
9-Ce | 9-Hf | 9-La | 9-Sc | 9-Zr | |
Fe | 88.78 | 88.19 | 88.85 | 88.71 | 88.26 |
Cr | 8.76 | 9.33 | 8.8 | 8.87 | 9.32 |
W | 0.94 | 1.06 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 1.04 |
Mn | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.7 |
V | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.2 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
Ta | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Y | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
Ce | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hf | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
La | 0 | 0 | 0.31 | 0 | 0 |
Sc | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.28 | 0 |
Zr | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 |
Density ** (g.cm−3/% t.d. ***) | 7.62/97.22 | 7.59/97.71 | 7.64/97.48 | 7.64/97.83 | 7.55/96.34 |
Steel | Grains | Dispersoids | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Size d (µm) | Maximal Size (µm) | R (µm) | Average Size dp (nm) | Particles per m3 n (× 1021) | Volume Fraction f (× 10−4) | Interparticle Spacing λ (nm) | |
9-Ce | 1.742 | 6.2 | 4.639 | 12.5 | 4 | 21 | 74.93 |
9-Hf | 0.671 | 2.82 | 2.9 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 19 | 60.89 |
9-La | 1.525 | 4.35 | 4.438 | 12.7 | 3.9 | 19 | 77.25 |
9-Sc | 0.834 | 2.52 | 2.826 | 4.5 | 22 | 11 | 64.16 |
9-Zr | 1.657 | 6.13 | 4.487 | 5.1 | 11 | 7 | 81.34 |
Steel | Hardness (HV5) | Tensile Tests | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RT | 600 °C | ||||||||
YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | UTS/YS (-) | A (%) | YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | UTS/YS (-) | A (%) | ||
9-Ce | 321 ± 2 | 672 ± 6 | 1014 ± 1 | 1.51 | 13 ± 2 | 421 ± 2 | 472 ± 1 | 1.12 | 12 ± 1 |
9-Hf | 364 ± 3 | 877 ± 27 | 1135 ± 16 | 1.29 | 9 ± 2 | 417 ± 10 | 467 ± 10 | 1.12 | 16 ± 3 |
9-La | 283 ± 4 | 555 ± 8 | 873 ± 8 | 1.57 | 14 ± 1 | 362 ± 8 | 402 ± 3 | 1.11 | 18 ± 1 |
9-Sc | 376 ± 3 | 945 ± 3 | 1166 ± 2 | 1.23 | 9 ± 2 | 461 ± 9 | 523 ± 10 | 1.13 | 9 ± 1 |
9-Zr | 287 ± 10 | 725 ± 8 | 967 ± 9 | 1.33 | 8 ± 1 | 370 ± 2 | 399 ± 1 | 1.08 | 10 ± 2 |
Steel | Total Yield Strength σy (MPa) | Components of Yield Strength | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Matrix σm (MPa) | Grains σi (MPa) | Dispersoids σd (MPa) | ||
9-Ce | 721 | 255 | 159 | 307 |
9-Hf | 976 | 255 | 256 | 465 |
9-La | 722 | 255 | 170 | 297 |
9-Sc | 1091 | 255 | 230 | 606 |
9-Zr | 874 | 255 | 163 | 457 |
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Husák, R.; Hadraba, H.; Chlup, Z.; Heczko, M.; Kruml, T.; Puchý, V. ODS EUROFER Steel Strengthened by Y-(Ce, Hf, La, Sc, and Zr) Complex Oxides. Metals 2019, 9, 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111148
Husák R, Hadraba H, Chlup Z, Heczko M, Kruml T, Puchý V. ODS EUROFER Steel Strengthened by Y-(Ce, Hf, La, Sc, and Zr) Complex Oxides. Metals. 2019; 9(11):1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111148
Chicago/Turabian StyleHusák, Roman, Hynek Hadraba, Zdeněk Chlup, Milan Heczko, Tomáš Kruml, and Viktor Puchý. 2019. "ODS EUROFER Steel Strengthened by Y-(Ce, Hf, La, Sc, and Zr) Complex Oxides" Metals 9, no. 11: 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111148