Review of the Soft Sparking Issues in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Observations and Factors in Soft Sparking
2.1. Transition Phenomena
2.2. Microstructure Features
2.3. Plasma Softening
2.4. The Cathodic Current Sets the Tone
- (1)
- Sparkless (glow) stage, CVC-1. The sample glows in this stage, up to the spark voltage ~255 V; its oxide growth is similar to that of anodizing. No hysteresis is observed in CVC. The oxide thin film could be incomplete, or, even if complete, have a large number of defects. This period is very brief.
- (2)
- Spark stage, CVC-2. In this stage, small sparks emerge, migrate, and distribute on the metal surface homogeneously. The anodic voltage rises to ~400 V. The voltage difference between the positive and the negative polarization can be attributed to the Schottky barrier and the gas envelope of the spark. A small hysteresis exists in both anodic and cathodic CVCs.
- (3)
- Micro-arc stage, CVC-3. The sparks increase in size and intensity, and migrate to the metal surface. The anodic voltage rises slowly to ~550–570 V. Hysteresis in the current–voltage plot is most significant during the micro-arc stage. The micro-arc stage could last 45–60 min. If thickness is not the primary goal (<70–80 µm), the operation could end in this stage.
- (4)
- Arc stage, CVC-4. The arc size further increases. A portion of the coating is destroyed. The anodic voltage could drop a little, down to ~500–520 V. A coating of good quality ought to avoid entering the arc stage since those strong electric discharges could damage the oxide coating. Such damage is difficult to repair.
2.5. Plasma State in Electron Temperature
2.6. Amassed Oxide and Energy Consumption
2.7. Coating Growth and Uniformity
3. Mg- and Ti-Based Alloys
3.1. Soft Sparking on Mg-Based Alloys
3.2. Soft Sparking on Ti-Based Alloys
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tsai, D.-S.; Chou, C.-C. Review of the Soft Sparking Issues in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. Metals 2018, 8, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020105
Tsai D-S, Chou C-C. Review of the Soft Sparking Issues in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. Metals. 2018; 8(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020105
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Dah-Shyang, and Chen-Chia Chou. 2018. "Review of the Soft Sparking Issues in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation" Metals 8, no. 2: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020105