Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Cold Rolled Laser Welded UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Mictrostructure
3.2. Microhardenss
3.3. Corrosion Pitting Temperature (CPT)
3.4. Eddy Currents
4. Conclusions
- The higher the thickness reduction the lower the CPT for the base material.
- Thickness reduction does not influence the CPT of the welded samples.
- Most of the pits are located in the weld beads due to the unbalanced microstructure (higher ferrite volume fraction).
- The higher the thickness reduction the higher the microhardness on the base material due to strain hardening effects.
- Microhardness of the welded region is not influenced by the prior plastic deformation.
- Prior plastic deformation does not influence the phase balance on the weld beads.
- Higher volume fraction of ferrite (60%) within the joint is responsible for the decrease in CPTs of the welds.
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alvarez-Armas, I.; Degallaix-Moreuil, S.; Iris Alvarez Armas, S.D.M. Duplex Stainless Steels; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009; ISBN 978-1-848-21137-7. [Google Scholar]
- Gunn, R.N. Duplex Stainless Steels: Microstructure, Properties and Applications; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 1997; ISBN 9781855733183. [Google Scholar]
- Nilsson, J.O. The physical metallurgy of duplex stainless steels. In Proceedings of the Duplex Stainless Steels 97: 5th World Conference, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 21–23 October 1997; pp. 73–82. [Google Scholar]
- Nilsson, J.O. Super duplex stainless steels. Mater. Sci. Technol. 1992, 8, 685–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.L.; Wang, Y.L.; Wang, X.T. Effects of long term thermal aging on high temperature tensile deformation behaviours of duplex stainless steels. Mater. High Temp. 2015, 32, 524–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gennari, C.; Pezzato, L.; Piva, E.; Gobbo, R.; Calliari, I. Influence of small amount and different morphology of secondary phases on impact toughness of UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2018, 729, 149–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calliari, I.; Pellizzari, M.; Zanellato, M.; Ramous, E. The phase stability in Cr-Ni and Cr-Mn duplex stainless steels. J. Mater. Sci. 2011, 46, 6916–6924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolut, M.; Kong, C.Y.; Blackburn, J.; Cashell, K.A.; Hobson, P.R. Yb-fibre laser welding of 6 mm duplex stainless steel 2205. Phys. Proced. 2016, 83, 417–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Batahgy, A.-M.; Khourshid, A.-F.; Sharef, T. Effect of Laser Beam Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2011, 02, 1443–1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calliari, I.; Ramous, E.; Rebuffi, G.; Straffelini, G. Investigation of secondary phases effect on 2205 DSS fracture toughness. Metall. Ital. 2008, 100, 5–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gennari, C.; Breda, M.; Brunelli, K.; Ramous, E.; Calliari, I. Influence of small amount of secondary phases on impact toughness of UNS S32205 and Zeron® 100 Duplex Stainless Steel. In Proceedings of the ESSC and DUPLEX 2017—9th European Stainless Steel Conference—Science and Market and 5th European Duplex Stainless Steel Conference and Exhibition, Bergamo, Italy, 25–27 May 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Breda, M.; Calliari, I.; Ramous, E.; Pizzo, M.; Corain, L.; Straffelini, G. Ductile-to-brittle transition in a Zeron© 100 SDSS in wrought and aged conditions. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2013, 585, 57–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, T.H.; Weng, K.L.; Yang, J.R. The effect of high-temperature exposure on the microstructural stability and toughness property in a 2205 duplex stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2002, 338, 259–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breda, M.; Pezzato, L.; Pizzo, M.; Calliari, I. Effect of cold rolling on pitting resistance in duplex stainless steels. La Metall. Ital. 2014, 6, 15–19. [Google Scholar]
- Pezzato, L.; Lago, M.; Brunelli, K.; Breda, M.; Calliari, I. Effect of the Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2018, 27, 3859–3868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marques, I.J.; Vicente, A.; de Albuquerque Vicente, A.; Tenório, J.A.S.; de Abreu Santos, T.F. Double Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steels Submitted to Isothermal Heat Treatment. Mater. Res. 2017, 20, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, J.; Dong, Y.; Li, L.; Wang, X. Microstructure of 2205 duplex stainless steel joint in submerged arc welding by post weld heat treatment. J. Manuf. Process. 2014, 16, 144–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nowacki, J.; Rybicki, P.P. The influence of welding heat input on submerged arc welded duplex steel joints imperfections. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2005, 164–165, 1082–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sorrentino, S.; Fersini, M.; Zilli, G. Comparison between submerged arc (SAW) and laser welding applied to duplex stainless steel structures for bridges. Weld. Int. 2008, 60, 487–498. [Google Scholar]
- Taban, E.; Kaluc, E. Welding behaviour of duplex and superduplex stainless steels using laser and plasma arc welding processes. Weld. World 2011, 55, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bharathi, R.S.; Shanmugam, N.S.; Kannan, R.M.; Vendan, S.A. Studies on the Parametric Effects of Plasma Arc Welding of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel. High Temp. Mater. Process. 2018, 37, 219–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Šimeková, B.; Kovaříková, I.; Ulrich, K. Microstructure and Properties of Plasma Arc Welding with Depth Penetration Keyhole SAF 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 664, 578–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eghlimi, A.; Shamanian, M.; Raeissi, K. Effect of current type on microstructure and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel claddings produced by the gas tungsten arc welding process. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2014, 244, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neissi, R.; Shamanian, M.; Hajihashemi, M. The Effect of Constant and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding on Joint Properties of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel to 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2016, 25, 2017–2028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mourad, A.-H.I.; Khourshid, A.; Sharef, T. Gas tungsten arc and laser beam welding processes effects on duplex stainless steel 2205 properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2012, 549, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.; Wang, J.; Li, J.; Zheng, Y.; Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Han, P. Effect of the Rotation Speed during Friction Stir Welding on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of SAF 2707 Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel. Steel Res. Int. 2018, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Abreu Santos, T.F.; Torres, E.A.; Ramirez, A.J. Friction stir welding of duplex stainless steels. Weld. Int. 2018, 32, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saeid, T.; Abdollah-zadeh, A.; Assadi, H.; Malek Ghaini, F. Effect of friction stir welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2008, 496, 262–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keskitalo, M.; Mäntyjärvi, K.; Sundqvist, J.; Powell, J.; Kaplan, A.F.H. Laser welding of duplex stainless steel with nitrogen as shielding gas. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2015, 216, 381–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Lima, M.S.F.; Carvalh, S.M.; Teleginski, V.; Pariona, M. Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of a Duplex Steel Welded using Micro-Arc or Laser-2015. Mater. Res. 2015, 18, 723–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quiroz, V.; Gumenyuk, A.; Rethmeier, M. Laser beam weldability of high-manganese austenitic and duplex stainless steel sheets. Weld. World 2012, 56, 9–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saravanan, S.; Raghukandan, K.; Sivagurumanikandan, N. Pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding and subsequent post-weld heat treatment on super duplex stainless steel. J. Manuf. Process. 2017, 25, 284–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sivakumar, G.; Saravanan, S.; Raghukandan, K. Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Nd:YAG laser welded lean duplex stainless steel joints. Optik (Stuttg.) 2017, 131, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arabi, S.H.; Pouranvari, M.; Movahedi, M. Pathways to improve the austenite–ferrite phase balance during resistance spot welding of duplex stainless steels. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2018, 24, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yasuda, K.; Gunn, R.N.; Gooch, T.G. Prediction of austenite phase fraction in duplex stainless steel weld metals. Q. J. Jpn. Weld. Soc. 2002, 20, 68–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varbai, B.; Pickle, T.; Májlinger, K. Development and comparison of quantitative phase analysis for duplex stainless steel weld. Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng. 2018, 62, 247–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baughn, K.E.; Ahmed, N.U.; Jarvis, B.L.; Viano, D.M. Tailoring the phase balance during laser and GTA keyhole welding of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Trends in Welding Research, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, 15–19 April 2002; pp. 11–16. [Google Scholar]
- Meng, W.; Li, Z.; Huang, J.; Wu, Y.; Chen, J.; Katayama, S. The influence of various factors on the geometric profile of laser lap welded T-joints. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2014, 74, 1625–1636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirakhorli, F.; Malek Ghaini, F.; Torkamany, M.J. Development of weld metal microstructures in pulsed laser welding of duplex stainless steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2012, 21, 2173–2176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menezes, A.J.W.; Abreu, H.; Kundu, S.; Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.; Kelly, P.M. Crystallography of Widmanstätten austenite in duplex stainless steel weld metal. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2009, 14, 4–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ohmori, Y.; Nakai, K.; Ohtsubo, H.; Isshiki, Y. Mechanism of Widmanstaetten Austenite Formation in a .DELTA./.GAMMA. Duplex Phase Stainless Steel. ISIJ Int. 1995, 35, 969–975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serre, I.; Salazar, D.; Vogt, J.B. Atomic force microscopy investigation of surface relief in individual phases of deformed duplex stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2008, 492, 428–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amigó, V.; Bonache, V.; Teruel, L.; Vicente, A. Mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel laser joints. Weld. Int. 2006, 20, 361–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Köse, C.; Kaçar, R. Mechanical Properties of Laser Welded 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel. Mater. Test. 2014, 56, 779–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elhoud, A.M.; Renton, N.C.; Deans, W.F. The effect of manufacturing variables on the corrosion resistance of a super duplex stainless steel. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2011, 52, 451–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matting, A.; Koch, H.; Dorn, L. Einfluß des Elektronenstrahl- und Schutzgasschweißens auf das Korrosionsverhalten von X5 CrNiMo 18 10. Mater. Corros. 1970, 21, 94–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elayaperumal, K.; De, P.K.; Balachandra, J. Passivity of Type 304 Stainless Steel-Effect of Plastic Deformation. Corrosion 1972, 28, 269–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Phadnis, S.V.; Satpati, A.K.; Muthe, K.P.; Vyas, J.C.; Sundaresan, R.I. Comparison of rolled and heat treated SS304 in chloride solution using electrochemical and XPS techniques. Corros. Sci. 2003, 45, 2467–2483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navaï, F. Effects of tensile and compressive stresses on the passive layers formed on a type 302 stainless steel in a normal sulphuric acid bath. J. Mater. Sci. 1995, 30, 1166–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greene, N.D.; Saltzman, G.A. Effect of Plastic Deformation On the Corrosion of Iron and Steel. Corrosion 1964, 20, 293t–298t. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serna, M.M.; Jesus, E.R.B.; Galego, E.; Martinez, L.G.; Corrêa, H.P.S.; Rossi, J.L. An Overview of the Microstructures Present in High-Speed Steel -Carbides Crystallography. Mater. Sci. Forum 2006, 530–531, 48–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiu, P.K.; Wang, S.H.; Yang, J.R.; Weng, K.L.; Fang, J. The effect of strain ratio on morphology of dislocation in low cycle fatigued SAF 2205 DSS. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2006, 98, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Element | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cu | Ni | Cr | Mo | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 0.021 | 0.822 | 0.0231 | 0.0004 | 0.313 | 0.178 | 6.592 | 24.792 | 3.705 | 0.2644 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Average power | 1400 W |
Welding speed | 450 mm/min |
Defocusing distance | 0 mm |
Spot Diameter | 0.2 mm |
Shielding gas flow rate | 20 L/min |
Thickness Reduction % | CPT [°C] |
---|---|
0 | 78 ± 1.2 |
9.6 | 77 ± 1.4 |
21.1 | 76 ± 1.1 |
29.6 | 76 ± 0.9 |
39.4 | 77 ± 1.3 |
49.9 | 75 ± 0.8 |
60.3 | 75 ± 1.2 |
Thickness Reduction % | CPT [°C] |
---|---|
0 | 84 ± 1.4 |
29.6 | 81 ± 1.1 |
60.3 | 77 ± 0.9 |
Not rolled (bar) | 88 ± 1.8 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gennari, C.; Lago, M.; Bögre, B.; Meszaros, I.; Calliari, I.; Pezzato, L. Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Cold Rolled Laser Welded UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel. Metals 2018, 8, 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121074
Gennari C, Lago M, Bögre B, Meszaros I, Calliari I, Pezzato L. Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Cold Rolled Laser Welded UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel. Metals. 2018; 8(12):1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121074
Chicago/Turabian StyleGennari, Claudio, Mattia Lago, Balint Bögre, Istvan Meszaros, Irene Calliari, and Luca Pezzato. 2018. "Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Cold Rolled Laser Welded UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel" Metals 8, no. 12: 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121074